IndexStyle

一部收录世界各地设计风格、技法与传统的辞典——每一条目都对应真实作品与经过核验的出处。 English ／日本語／ Español ／ Français ／ Deutsch ／ 한국어

词条	502

辞典

搜索类型分类排序 502 条

Swiss — Josef Müller-Brockmann《Beethoven》ポスター 1955 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Swiss

スイス・スタイル / 1950s– / Style / Functionalism

把秩序推到最前面，让信息本身成为主角。

严格的网格 / 无衬线字体 / 非对称构图 / 客观的摄影

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适用场景: Making complex information fast to read；Giving an organization rationality and transparency
字体: Neutral sans-serif; be bold with size contrast
版面: 12-column grid, left-aligned, asymmetric
材料: White space and objective photographs; almost no ornament
注意: Too much tidiness turns anonymous. Keep one strong jump in scale.
延伸阅读: Josef Müller-Brockmann / Armin Hofmann
相关词条: Experimental Type / Luxury Minimal

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Bauhaus — Joost Schmidt《バウハウス展 1923》ポスター — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Bauhaus

バウハウス / 1919–1933 / Style / Functionalism

以圆形、三角形与方形，让功能与游戏共存。

基本几何形 / 三原色 / 功能之美 / 外露的结构

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适用场景: Giving an idea a clear, legible form；Bringing intelligence and warmth to education and culture
字体: Geometric sans-serif
版面: Treat shapes and letters as the same building blocks
材料: Red, blue and yellow held together by black and off-white
注意: Scattered shapes read as childish. Give every element a job.
延伸阅读: Herbert Bayer / Wassily Kandinsky
相关词条: Swiss / Memphis

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Constructivism — El Lissitzky《赤い楔で白を撃て》1919 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Constructivism

構成主義 / 1910s–1930s / Style / Avant-garde

用对角线与强烈对比，把信息转化为运动。

红、黑、白 / 对角轴线 / 摄影蒙太奇 / 号令式字体

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适用场景: Campaigns that demand action；Delivering a strong statement in an instant
字体: Heavy condensed type in capitals
版面: Collide photography and type along a diagonal spine
材料: Coarse halftones, cut-out photos, three colors only
注意: Carries strong propaganda associations. Check the ethics of context and message.
延伸阅读: El Lissitzky / Alexander Rodchenko
相关词条: Punk / Surveillance

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Art Deco — クライスラー・ビルの鷲のガーゴイル 1930 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0

Art Deco

アール・デコ / 1920s–1930s / Style / Historical Styles

以重复的几何与金属光泽，演绎都市的奢华。

对称 / 放射线 / 阶梯纹样 / 金与黑

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适用场景: Giving an event a sense of occasion；Producing instant classic luxury
字体: Tall, narrow geometric display type
版面: Centered, symmetrical composition
材料: Black, gold, ivory; repeated hairlines
注意: Too much ornament turns theme-park. Let white space carry the dignity.
延伸阅读: A. M. Cassandre / Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Gothic

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Art Nouveau — Alphonse Mucha《ジスモンダ》ポスター 1894 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Art Nouveau

アール・ヌーヴォー / 1890s–1910s / Style / Historical Styles

把文字、人物与装饰汇成一条流动的、植物般的线条。

植物曲线 / 装饰性边框 / 女性形象 / 低调的自然色

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适用场景: Speaking of craft and handwork；Leading with beauty and narrative
字体: Curvilinear serifs or hand lettering
版面: Vertical formats, frame compositions, a central figure
材料: Dusty greens and gold, line work, paper texture
注意: Stock vine ornaments stay superficial. Carry the line through the whole composition.
延伸阅读: Alphonse Mucha / Antoni Gaudí
相关词条: Naïve / Luxury Minimal

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Modernism — Le Corbusier《サヴォア邸》1931 — Wikimedia Commons / CC0

Modernism

モダニズム / 1920s–1970s / Style / Functionalism

以经过论证的形式取代装饰，追求普遍性。

简化 / 清晰的层级 / 功能优先 / 普遍性的形式

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适用场景: Building a brand foundation that lasts；A vessel that never gets in the content's way
字体: A sans-serif with few quirks
版面: Logical hierarchy and generous white space
材料: Black and white with a single accent color
注意: Blandness is not universality. Hold clear intent in every ratio and interval.
延伸阅读: Paul Rand / Massimo Vignelli
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Experimental Type

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Minimalism — Agnes Martin 作品, SFMOMA 展示 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Minimalism

ミニマリズム / 1960s– / Style / Functionalism

通过削减元素，把留下之物的意义与张力推到极致。

大量留白 / 极少的元素 / 安静的色彩 / 精确的间距

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适用场景: Focusing attention on a single value；Letting quality speak quietly
字体: A light sans-serif or a well-cut serif
版面: One message, one focal point, wide margins
材料: Nearly achromatic; texture in exactly one place
注意: Missing information is not minimal. Decide priorities before you cut.
延伸阅读: Dieter Rams / Kenya Hara
相关词条: Chromecore / Type Doodles

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Brutalism — Barbican Estate, London（Chamberlin, Powell and Bon）— Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0

Brutalism

ブルータリズム / 1950s– / Web revival / Style / Anti-refinement

在修饰之前就让结构裸露，把厚重与直接当作美。

巨大的字体 / 原始材料 / 强烈对比 / 未完成的表面

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适用场景: Culture and architecture brands with attitude；Keeping distance from over-refinement
字体: Ultra-bold sans, monospace
版面: Expose the structure; divide in large slabs
材料: Concrete tones, rough photography, black
注意: Never justify illegibility. Keep the primary paths clear.
延伸阅读: Le Corbusier / David Rudnick
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Surveillance

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Mid-Century Modern — Charles and Ray Eames《Lounge Chair》1956 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0

Mid-Century Modern

ミッドセンチュリー・モダン / 1940s–1960s / Style / Retro

为理性的几何加上带有手感的曲线与温度。

有机形态 / 沉静的暖色 / 简练的插画 / 斜向的动势

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适用场景: Balancing friendliness with intelligence；Building contexts of living, furniture and culture
字体: A rounded sans-serif
版面: Asymmetric yet stable balance
材料: Mustard, teal, textures of wood and paper
注意: Don't pile up retro props. Fit the forms to today's information structure.
延伸阅读: Charles & Ray Eames / Saul Bass
相关词条: Swiss / Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

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70’s Retro

70年代レトロ / 1970s / Style / Retro

以粗圆的形状与大地般的暖色，营造欢快的怀旧。

肥厚的曲线 / 波浪造型 / 橙色与棕色 / 重复的条纹

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适用场景: Warming up food, music and community；A slightly loose, easy joyfulness
字体: Round, heavy display type
版面: Curvy rhythms and oversized headlines
材料: Orange, ochre, dark brown; a touch of print misregistration
注意: Making everything retro becomes a costume. Keep body text and controls contemporary.
延伸阅读: Milton Glaser / Herb Lubalin
相关词条: Future Funk / Minimalism

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Experimental Type — Barry Deck《Template Gothic》の見本 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0

Experimental Type

実験的タイポグラフィ / 1980s– / Style / Avant-garde

把文字从被阅读之物，推向被观看、被感受之物。

变形的字形 / 重叠 / 极端的字距 / 与易读性的张力

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适用场景: Making the title itself the visual；Breaking déjà vu in music and culture
字体: Variable, stretched, dismantled — support with a plain text face
版面: Run type to the edges and partially conceal it
材料: Monochrome plus one color; warps and scanlines
注意: Break everything and the way in disappears. Always keep one readable layer.
延伸阅读: David Carson / Stefan Sagmeister
相关词条: Swiss / Grunge

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80’s Editorial

80年代エディトリアル / 1980s / Style / Editorial

以留白与照片的尺度，建立安静却笃定的权威感。

高对比衬线体 / 有力的摄影 / 宽阔的页边 / 发丝般的细线

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适用场景: Elevating fashion and culture；Making an editorial point of view felt
字体: High-contrast serif with a small companion sans
版面: Crop photographs boldly; set type quietly
材料: Black-and-white photography, cream paper, black
注意: Type that is too small is a barrier, not a mood. Check legibility at real size.
延伸阅读: Fabien Baron / Neville Brody
相关词条: New Wave / Luxury Minimal

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Punk

パンク / 1970s–1980s / Style / Counterculture

用剪、贴与弄脏来抗议整洁的权威——彻底的 DIY。

剪贴字母 / 复印机噪点 / 手写字迹 / 参差的排布

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适用场景: Voicing dissent against the rules；Giving events and communities a raw voice
字体: Mix newsprint letters, handwriting and stamps
版面: Deliberate misalignment and overlap; disturb even the margins
材料: Copier paper, tears, black plus a warning color
注意: Borrowed rebellion is hollow. Decide what you are protesting first.
延伸阅读: Jamie Reid / Vivienne Westwood
相关词条: Swiss / Bubbleglam

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Post-Modernism — Michael Graves《Portland Building》1982 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0

Post-Modernism

ポスト・モダニズム / 1970s–1990s / Style / Avant-garde

怀疑唯一正解，把引用、反讽与装饰当作游戏来混用。

风格混搭 / 反讽 / 重新启用的装饰 / 出人意料的配色

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适用场景: Planting intelligent humor；Escaping homogeneous category codes
字体: Mix two or three faces from different eras
版面: Show the grid, then deviate from part of it
材料: Quoted images, patterns, vivid color; meaningful collisions
注意: Random is not plural. Mix only what you can justify aloud.
延伸阅读: Wolfgang Weingart / April Greiman
相关词条: Modernism / Memphis

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Deconstructivism — Frank Gehry《ビルバオ・グッゲンハイム美術館》1997 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Deconstructivism

脱構築主義 / 1980s– / Style / Avant-garde

拆解既成的秩序，让张力与不稳定成为新的结构。

碎片化 / 倾斜 / 碰撞的图层 / 不稳定的轮廓

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适用场景: Communicating change or rupture itself；Strong concepts in fashion and architecture
字体: Sever, duplicate and rotate the letters
版面: Collide multiple grids
材料: Translucent layers, cut surfaces, noise
注意: Too heavy a cognitive load for interfaces. Keep experiments to heroes and set pieces.
延伸阅读: Zaha Hadid / Rei Kawakubo
相关词条: Swiss / Glassmorphism

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Psychedelic

サイケデリック / 1960s–1970s / Style / Counterculture

融化轮廓与色彩，直到现实本身开始摇晃。

涡旋般的曲线 / 互补色 / 融化的字母 / 万花筒图案

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适用场景: Deepening immersion in music and experience；Festivity that escapes the everyday
字体: Lettering that warps like liquid
版面: Radiate from the center; fill the margins
材料: Saturated color, waves, repeating pattern
注意: Hostile to long text and critical controls. Reserve places for the eye to rest.
延伸阅读: Wes Wilson / Tadanori Yokoo
相关词条: Minimalism / 70’s Retro

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Synthwave

シンセウェーブ / 1980s imagined future / Style / Digital Retro

以霓虹与地平线，重播 1980 年代所想象的未来。

霓虹 / 透视网格 / 落日 / 漆黑的天空

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适用场景: Instant world-building for games and music；The euphoria of retro-futurism
字体: Oblique sans with script accents
版面: Low horizon, central perspective, gigantic title
材料: Black, magenta, cyan, glow
注意: Sun and grid alone are overfamiliar. Add story elements of your own.
延伸阅读: James White / 80s sci-fi title design
相关词条: Tech Spec / Minimalism

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Italo Disco

イタロ・ディスコ / 1980s / Style / Digital Retro

把南欧的轻盈与宇宙般的光泽，调和成起舞的华丽。

热带色彩 / 喷绘 / 铬质字体 / 星光

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适用场景: Making night events glamorous；A cheerful, slightly cheap futurity
字体: Wide display type with chrome finish
版面: Diagonal speed, a centered logo
材料: Purple, blue, coral, stars and gloss
注意: Scattered quotations become generic 80s. Fix the sound and the place first.
延伸阅读: Alessandro Mendini / 1980s record sleeves
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Future Funk

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New Wave — Wolfgang Weingart によるクロッキー — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

New Wave

ニュー・ウェーブ / 1970s–1980s / Style / Counterculture

保留朋克的自由，同时以都市的精致重编色彩与网格。

不规则网格 / 圆点 / 高彩度 / 旋转的文字

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适用场景: Editorial heat for culture media；Adding surprise to serious content
字体: Mix condensed, geometric and vertical setting
版面: Shift the grid; hold several angles at once
材料: Yellow, red, blue, dots, thin rules
注意: Don't multiply small decorations. Choose one starring deviation.
延伸阅读: Neville Brody / Peter Saville
相关词条: 80’s Editorial / Swiss

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Pop Art — Andy Warhol《キャンベル・スープ缶》MoMA 展示 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0

Pop Art

ポップアート / 1950s–1960s / Style / Pop

放大广告与漫画的语汇，直到大众文化本身成为画面。

半调网点 / 粗轮廓线 / 三原色 / 重复

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适用场景: Making products and campaigns pop instantly；Boldly reinterpreting familiar subjects
字体: Comic-style extra-bold lettering
版面: Blow up the subject; panels and repetition
材料: Red, yellow, blue, black outlines, halftones
注意: Overusing comic marks trivializes the content. Decide what you treat as mass culture.
延伸阅读: Andy Warhol / Roy Lichtenstein
相关词条: Minimalism / Surveillance

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Memphis — Ettore Sottsass《カールトン》1981 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0

Memphis

メンフィス / 1980s / Style / Pop

一笑置之地抛开功能主义，享受形与色的不谐。

锯齿折线 / 细小图形 / 粉彩加原色 / 斑点

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适用场景: Softening a stiff subject；A young, sunny personality
字体: A chunky geometric sans
版面: Scatter small motifs, anchor with one large shape
材料: Pink, yellow, teal, black speckles
注意: Don't stop at background pattern. Map the figures to navigation and units of meaning.
延伸阅读: Ettore Sottsass / Memphis Group
相关词条: Bauhaus / Neubrutalism

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Grunge

グランジ / 1990s / Style / Counterculture

以脏污、破损与磨耗，抵抗被整齐管理的屏幕。

磨损划痕 / 撕裂 / 杂乱的文字 / 劣质复印

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适用场景: Body heat for music and street culture；Deliberately breaking the look of a finished product
字体: Decayed sans, typewriter faces
版面: Overlap and crop; keep alignment only in places
材料: Dirty paper, grain, low chroma plus one accent
注意: Texture overlays alone feel dated. Run the logic of wear through photo, type and margin alike.
延伸阅读: David Carson / Art Chantry
相关词条: Experimental Type / Web 1.0

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Web 1.0 — Netscape Navigator 1.22 の画面 — Wikimedia Commons / CC0

Web 1.0

ウェブ1.0 / 1990s / Style / Digital Retro

把受限的早期网络的天真，重新用作直率与趣味。

蓝色链接 / 低分辨率 GIF / 系统字体 / 朴素的按钮

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适用场景: Showing affection for internet culture；An unpolished, approachable feel
字体: System sans and monospace
版面: Left-aligned, borders, table-like division
材料: White background, blue links, dithered images
注意: Don't regress actual accessibility. Separate the look from interaction quality.
延伸阅读: GeoCities archives / early Yahoo!
相关词条: Cyberminimalism / Grunge

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Y2K

ワイツーケー / late 1990s–2000s / Style / Digital Retro

以半透明塑料与圆润的未来感，表达对新千年的乐观。

半透明塑料 / 银色 / 泡泡造型 / 赛博的明亮

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适用场景: A light futurity for fashion and youth culture；Tech expression that isn't too serious
字体: Rounded extended faces, pixel accents
版面: Floating ellipses with a centered logo
材料: Aqua, lime, silver, transparency
注意: Don't lean on chrome and butterflies. Put the era's optimism into the message too.
延伸阅读: Marc Newson / Jonathan Ive
相关词条: Minimalism / Surveillance

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Bubbleglam

バブルグラム / 2000s revival / Style / Pop

毫不迟疑地使用甜美色彩与闪光，把自我肯定的可爱推到最大。

粉彩色 / 闪粉 / 爱心 / 膨胀的立体字

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适用场景: Exploding joy in beauty, music and community；Treating girlishness as agency and strength
字体: Puffy rounded letters, scripts
版面: Central logo with sticker-like satellites
材料: Pink, lavender, white, shine
注意: Don't use youthfulness as a stereotype. Put the audience's own voice and humor first.
延伸阅读: 2000s pop packaging / Sanrio visual culture
相关词条: Punk / Luxury Minimal

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Cyberpop

サイバーポップ / 2000s– / Style / Digital Pop

以动漫的色彩与角色，把高科技的硬度软化为亲切。

霓虹 / 动漫式描边 / 界面符号 / 浓密的色彩

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适用场景: Making technology feel young；Bringing character to games and music
字体: Angular sans plus Japanese gothic
版面: Layer UI panels over a hero visual
材料: Black, cyan, fluorescent pink, glowing lines
注意: Don't use Japanese or anime symbols as exoticism. Respect the cultural context.
延伸阅读: Takashi Murakami / Kōji Morimoto
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Surveillance

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Chromecore

クロームコア / 2020s / Style / Digital Texture

以液态金属的反射，构筑可触的未来与异质之感。

液态金属 / 镜面反射 / 有机的三维形态 / 冷冽的光

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适用场景: A sharp futurity for music and fashion；Iconizing a single object
字体: Neutral sans-serif to support the material
版面: One large 3D object, placed alone
材料: Silver, black, iridescent reflections, hard light
注意: All-metal everything turns heavy. Keep type and margins flat.
延伸阅读: Felipe Pantone / David Rudnick
相关词条: Minimalism / Acid

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Web 2.0 Gloss

ウェブ2.0グロス / 2000s / Style / Digital Retro

用光泽、圆角与反射，把数字交互解释为可以触摸之物。

光泽按钮 / 强烈的渐变 / 反射 / 圆角

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适用场景: Nostalgia for the 2000s web；Visually amplifying the joy of interaction
字体: A rounded sans-serif
版面: Centered, with a dimensional button as the focus
材料: Blue gradients, white highlights
注意: In real UI, restrain shadows and reflections so state differences stay legible.
延伸阅读: early iOS UI / 2000s SaaS interfaces
相关词条: Web 1.0 / Minimalism

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Skeuomorphism

スキューモーフィズム / 2000s–2010s / Style / UI Expression

借用真实材料与工具的线索，让陌生的交互变得可以理解。

皮革、金属、纸张 / 立体的投影 / 现实世界的隐喻 / 细腻的质感

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适用场景: Explaining new interactions through familiar tools；Crafted, tactile experiences
字体: A humanist face suited to the purpose
版面: Adopt the structure of the real tool
材料: Precision texture only where it serves function
注意: Ornament must not bury the interaction. Expect generations who don't share the metaphor.
延伸阅读: early Apple iOS design / Scott Forstall era
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Tech Spec

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Neumorphism

ニューモーフィズム / late 2010s– / Style / UI Expression

让背景与控件成为同一种材料，仅以柔和的阴影表现凹凸。

同色的表面 / 双向阴影 / 圆润的部件 / 低对比度

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适用场景: Concept screens with few interactions；A soft, quiet product impression
字体: A concise sans-serif
版面: Big margins, few controls
材料: Pale ground, one light and one dark shadow, rounded corners
注意: Contrast failure comes easily. Mark key actions and states with color and outline too.
延伸阅读: Alexander Plyuto / Michał Malewicz
相关词条: Cyberminimalism / Neubrutalism

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Glassmorphism

グラスモーフィズム / 2020s / Style / UI Expression

以半透明的图层呈现深度与层级，让信息轻盈地漂浮。

背景模糊 / 半透明 / 细白描边 / 透出的色彩

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适用场景: Making layered information feel light；OS-grade refinement and depth
字体: A neutral sans-serif
版面: Stack cards with clear front-to-back order
材料: Colored ground, translucent panes, fine edges
注意: Legibility breaks with the wrong background. Give text surfaces real opacity.
延伸阅读: macOS Big Sur / Windows 11
相关词条: Deconstructivism / Luxury Minimal

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Vaporwave

ヴェイパーウェイヴ / 2010s / Style / Digital Retro

把消费社会与早期数字生活的记忆，化为梦境般的不安。

粉与紫 / 古典雕像 / 早期电脑图形 / 热带与日文字符

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适用场景: Handling the internet's strange homesickness；Unreality for music and art
字体: Serifs, pixel faces, fragments of Japanese
版面: Floating objects, horizon lines, collage
材料: Purple and aqua, low resolution, VHS noise
注意: Don't reduce Japanese to meaningless decoration. Bring criticism or personal memory.
延伸阅读: Vektroid / internet vaporwave culture
相关词条: Surveillance / Minimalism

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Cyberpunk — 新宿・歌舞伎町のネオンサイン — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0

Cyberpunk

サイバーパンク / 1980s– / Style / Visions of the Future

让先进技术与破败生活同居一处——对未来的希望与恐惧并存。

雨夜 / 多语言霓虹 / 密布的线缆 / 黑暗的城市

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适用场景: Speaking of technology's light and shadow together；Thick world-building for games and film
字体: Angular sans, monospace, multiple scripts
版面: Stack information densely on dark planes
材料: Black, teal, red neon, raindrops
注意: Don't use Asian cities as a symbol of otherness. Make the fictional social order concrete.
延伸阅读: Syd Mead / Katsuhiro Otomo
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Surveillance

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Luxury Minimal — Dieter Rams《Braun ET66》1987 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0

Luxury Minimal

ラグジュアリー・ミニマル / 1990s– / Style / Contemporary Branding

以沉默的留白与精确的排版传达底气，而非价格。

宽阔的留白 / 精致的衬线体 / 低彩度 / 安静的摄影

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适用场景: Conveying quality without raising your voice；Making the product or photo the single focus
字体: High-contrast serif with a small sans
版面: One point at the center or edge; margins play the lead
材料: Off-white, black, faint textures of stone and cloth
注意: Tiny type and faint color are not luxury. Being readable comes first.
延伸阅读: Phoebe Philo / Fabien Baron
相关词条: Brutalism / Chromecore

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Maximalism — 19世紀ヴィクトリア朝の居間（オークランド）— Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0

Maximalism

マキシマリズム / recurring / Style / Ornament

毫无畏惧地叠加数量、色彩与纹样，让过剩本身成为丰饶。

层叠的纹样 / 浓烈的色彩 / 装饰性字体 / 收藏家式的密度

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适用场景: Festivity and abundance at full volume；Immersion in a one-of-a-kind world
字体: Ornamental display as the star; one fixed text face
版面: Fill the surface but choose a single focus
材料: Unify pattern, photo and ornament by hue
注意: Don't make everything loud. Build large-small and front-back hierarchy inside the density.
延伸阅读: Alessandro Michele / Iris Apfel
相关词条: Minimalism / Gothic

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Gothic — シャルトル大聖堂北のバラ窓 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Gothic

ゴシック / medieval–modern revivals / Style / Historical Styles

以垂直性与幽暗的装饰，召唤神秘、敬畏与永恒。

哥特体字母 / 尖锐的造型 / 黑色 / 细密的装饰

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适用场景: Heavy narrative for fashion and music；A sense of ritual and mystery
字体: Blackletter for headlines only; keep text faces disciplined
版面: Vertical axis, symmetry, heraldic center
材料: Black, dull silver, deep crimson, fine linework
注意: Not a pile of horror symbols. Stay aware of period and religious context.
延伸阅读: Aubrey Beardsley / Alexander McQueen
相关词条: Art Deco / Cyberminimalism

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Tech Spec

テック・スペック / industrial–future / Style / Technical Expression

把解释、拆解与测量对象的行为本身，变成美学。

精细网格 / 尺寸标注线 / 编号 / 工程制图

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适用场景: Conveying a product's precision and performance；Visualizing a complex mechanism
字体: Monospace plus condensed
版面: Decompose with coordinates, callouts, hairlines
材料: Dark or white ground, one signal color
注意: Add no meaningless numbers or lines. Bind everything to real data where possible.
延伸阅读: Dieter Rams / Ash Thorp
相关词条: Synthwave / Minimalism

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Neubrutalism

ニューブルータリズム / 2010s– / Style / UI Expression

以粗黑边框与直白的色彩，温和地反叛过度精致的网页。

粗黑边框 / 硬边投影 / 鲜艳的色彩 / 扁平的组件

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适用场景: Making a product frank and memorable；Humanity for communities and creator tools
字体: Bold sans, monospace
版面: Divide into clear boxes; shadows in one direction
材料: Off-white plus vivid color, black borders, few rounded corners
注意: Don't border and shadow everything. Vary the strength by hierarchy.
延伸阅读: Gumroad / contemporary independent web
相关词条: Memphis / Luxury Minimal

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Cyberminimalism

サイバーミニマリズム / 2020s / Style / Visions of the Future

在幽暗的静谧中放置一点光，以克制展现技术的精妙。

深色底 / 发光的渐变 / 纤细的字体 / 极少的元素

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适用场景: Making AI, finance and research feel advanced；Turning dense tech into quiet trust
字体: A disciplined sans plus numeric monospace
版面: One glowing focus in a large dark field
材料: Deep navy, purple, cyan blur
注意: Dark ground and purple gradient alone homogenize. Use your own data and forms.
延伸阅读: Stripe visual systems / Vitaly Bulgarov
相关词条: Gothic / Type Doodles

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Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

フラットデザイン / ベクターミニマリズム / 2010s– / Style / UI Expression

把信息还原为平坦的色块与色彩，可在各种屏幕与媒介间通用。

均质的色块 / 简单的形状 / 极少的阴影 / 明快的色彩

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适用场景: Light, understandable explanation；Large sets of consistent figures
字体: A rounded sans-serif
版面: Simple silhouettes and clear hierarchy
材料: Three to five colors; shadows only when they mean something
注意: Figures easily become generic. Define your own ratios, lines and color rules.
延伸阅读: Material Design / modern vector illustration
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Grunge

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Gen X Soft Club

ジェネレーションX ソフトクラブ / late 1990s / Style / Digital Retro

在渗过夜店黑暗的青绿色光晕里，涂抹一层对未来的朦胧希望。

青绿色 / 虚化的光 / 半透明 / 抽象3D

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适用场景: Nocturnal softness for music and fashion；A calmer retro-future than Y2K
字体: Thin extended or monospace faces
版面: Float elements at low contrast
材料: Blue, green, black, lens blur
注意: Blur alone erases the contours. Keep the title or a structural line hard.
延伸阅读: The Designers Republic / late-90s club graphics
相关词条: 80’s Editorial / Tech Spec

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Future Funk

フューチャーファンク / 2010s / Style / Digital Retro

把1980年代的日本流行乐高速重剪，化作炫目的欣快感。

80年代动画 / City Pop / 浓艳夜景 / 急速拼贴

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适用场景: Instant joy for music and events；A pop rereading of the urban night
字体: Bold Japanese gothic plus Latin script accents
版面: Layer figures, city and type rhythmically
材料: Pink, blue, yellow, VHS grain
注意: Avoid unlicensed anime frames and surface-level consumption of the culture; clear the rights.
延伸阅读: Night Tempo / Moe Shop
相关词条: 70’s Retro / Surveillance

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Type Doodles

タイプ・ドゥードゥル / contemporary / Style / Hand-drawn

在严整的字体排印中混入小小的涂鸦，生出亲近而有人味的语气。

手绘线条 / 小人儿 / 箭头 / 页边批注

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适用场景: Showing the maker's presence in a brand；Softening explanation without losing rigor
字体: A plain sans with handwritten annotations
版面: Set doodles around a well-ordered skeleton
材料: White ground, black line, one accent color
注意: Don't scatter doodles everywhere. Reserve them for information support or emotional focus.
延伸阅读: Yu Nagaba / Sheryl Dawn
相关词条: Minimalism / Cyberminimalism

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Surveillance — 監視カメラの管制室のモニター壁 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Surveillance

サーベイランス / contemporary / Style / Technical Expression

借监控设备的冷漠目光，表达匿名、距离与不安。

时间戳 / 固定机位 / 扫描噪点 / 坐标

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适用场景: Critiquing privacy and control；Chill tension for film and music
字体: Monospace, small labels
版面: Time and coordinates at the frame's edge; subject far away
材料: Black and white, green, low resolution, noise
注意: Protect the dignity and privacy of real people. Don't end at aestheticizing surveillance.
延伸阅读: Trevor Paglen / James Bridle
相关词条: Pop Art / Luxury Minimal

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Steampunk — 『Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition』1854 の機械展示図版 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Steampunk

スチームパンク / Victorian retrofuture / Style / Visions of the Future

把蒸汽时代的材料与机械延伸成一段可触可感的架空历史。

黄铜 / 齿轮 / 皮革 / 仪表

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适用场景: The romance of invention for stories and games；Centering the feel of machinery
字体: Victorian serifs plus technical monospace
版面: Layer machine drawings, labels, frames
材料: Brass, dark brown, soot, old paper
注意: Don't just paste gears on. Keep the world's technology and society coherent.
延伸阅读: Victorian engineering drawings / Steamboy
相关词条: Tech Spec / Minimalism

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Acid

アシッド / 1990s–2020s / Style / Counterculture

把荧光色与扭曲高压地压在一起，用侵略性摇撼观者的眼睛。

荧光色 / 扭曲 / 高对比 / 粗粝3D

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适用场景: Maximum impact for music and street culture；Deliberately breaking the reigning taste
字体: Collide ultra-bold, hairline and deformed letters
版面: Off-center, pressure out to the edges
材料: Lime, pink, blue, coarse noise
注意: Constant stimulus exhausts. Lower chroma and motion on information surfaces.
延伸阅读: David Rudnick / Jonathan Castro
相关词条: Chromecore / Swiss

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Glitch — James Connolly and Eric Pellegrino によるグリッチ・アート — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Glitch

グリッチ / digital / Style / Digital Texture

拒绝掩饰错误与损坏，直接暴露数字媒介自身的脆弱。

通道错位 / 块状噪点 / 扫描线 / 信号丢失

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适用场景: Expressing uncertainty and system failure；A jolt of tension in music and video
字体: Partially corrupt a monospace or plain sans
版面: Build the healthy composition first, then break part of it
材料: RGB shift, compression noise, missing pieces
注意: Perpetual glitch loses meaning. Stage the difference between normal and broken.
延伸阅读: Rosa Menkman / Joshua Davis
相关词条: Minimalism / Web 1.0

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Kidcore

キッドコア / 1990s nostalgia / Style / Pop

以毫无保留的明亮色彩，唤回玩具、贴纸与文具的记忆。

三原色 / 笑脸 / 彩虹 / 玩具造型

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适用场景: Evoking childhood freedom and safety；Making a community look sunny
字体: Big rounded letters, hand lettering
版面: Layer sticker-like elements
材料: Red, yellow, blue, plastic, thick outlines
注意: Don't confuse child-directed with childish. Mind age-appropriateness and safety.
延伸阅读: Lisa Frank / Sebastian Masuda
相关词条: Minimalism / Neubrutalism

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Naïve — Henri Rousseau《謝肉祭の夕べ》1886 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Naïve

ナイーブ / timeless / Style / Hand-drawn

从技法的规范中退开，把朴素的观察与失衡本身变成魅力。

不匀的线条 / 压平的透视 / 简单的用色 / 手写字母

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适用场景: Honoring a personal gaze and touch；Closeness for food, region and education
字体: Handwriting, homely serifs
版面: Avoid strict perspective; lay things out flat
材料: Crayon, paint, paper, slightly muddied color
注意: Not an act of deliberate badness. Draw your own line from close observation.
延伸阅读: Henri Rousseau / Henry Darger
相关词条: Swiss / Art Nouveau

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Blueprint — 青写真による銃弾の設計図 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Blueprint

ブループリント / industrial / Style / Technical Expression

呈现的不是成品，而是思考的线条——结构与可能性。

蓝底白线 / 尺寸标注 / 剖面 / 手写批注

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适用场景: Visualizing concepts, design and process；Structural credibility for products and architecture
字体: Monospace plus drafting-style handwriting
版面: Orthographic views, sections, dimension lines tied to real information
材料: Deep blue, white lines, fine paper grain
注意: No fake drawings as decoration. Bind everything to actual structure and thought.
延伸阅读: Leonardo da Vinci notebooks / engineering blueprints
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Type Doodles

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Risograph

リソグラフ / 1980s– / contemporary revival / Technique / Print Expression

保留分色版与它们美妙的套印偏差，让每一张印品都带着自己的体温。

套印偏差 / 专色油墨 / 网点 / 纸张透印

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适用场景: Handmade heat for zines and event notices；Memorable print with very few colors
字体: Bold letters or homely serifs, separated by color plate
版面: Large planes where overlap and slippage stay visible
材料: Two or three spot colors, coarse halftones, uncoated paper
注意: Don't fake it with a noise filter. Design how the colors overlap first.
延伸阅读: RISO print process / independent zine culture
相关词条: Swiss / Naïve

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Bento Grid

ベントーグリッド / 2020s / Layout / Information Design

把不同种类的信息分装进各自独立的方格，让全貌一眼可见。

大小不一的卡片 / 对齐的间隙 / 一屏概览 / 模块

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适用场景: Presenting many features as one story；Staying friendly while keeping density
字体: A plain sans; oversize the numbers and short headings
版面: Tile large and small cards on four to six columns
材料: Vary each card's role; keep decoration inside the cards
注意: Not every card equal. Vary area and density by importance.
延伸阅读: modular dashboard layouts / product storytelling grids
相关词条: Swiss / Glassmorphism

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Editorial Collage

エディトリアル・コラージュ / contemporary / Technique / Editorial Expression

叠合来自不同时代与语境的碎片，在任何说明之前先亮出编辑者的视角。

抠图照片 / 混用的比例 / 与留白的碰撞 / 注释

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适用场景: Implying an article's argument in one image；Giving found material a new reading
字体: A disciplined text face with large pull quotes
版面: Choose the leading fragment; layer the rest before and behind
材料: Photos, scraps, hand-drawn lines; leave the cut edges visible
注意: Don't just add material. Be able to say what every fragment means.
延伸阅读: magazine art direction / photomontage
相关词条: 80’s Editorial / Punk

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Isometric Illustration — ショワジー『建築史』のアイソメ図 1899

Isometric Illustration

アイソメトリック・イラストレーション / technical drawing–digital / Technique / Diagrammatic Expression

在俯视之中保留纵深，用一张图说清众多部件之间的关系。

30度轴线 / 统一比例 / 爆炸图 / 小小世界

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适用场景: Showing the whole of a system or space；Friendly diagrams of complex relations
字体: A concise sans with small labels
版面: Fix the three axes; enlarge only what matters
材料: Value steps per plane, thin outlines, limited color
注意: Don't draw everything at equal density. Pull the eye to the relation you're explaining.
延伸阅读: axonometric drawing / systems illustration
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Tech Spec

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Kinetic Typography

キネティック・タイポグラフィ / film titles–digital motion / Motion / Letterform Expression

把词语的含义转译为速度、停顿与方向——设计的是阅读本身的时间。

逐词运动 / 节奏 / 尺度变化 / 停顿

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适用场景: Making a short message physically felt；Carrying the intonation of voice and music to the screen
字体: One family, varied in weight and width
版面: Split the sentence into words; assign each a trajectory that fits its meaning
材料: Keep the ground quiet; the timing offsets are the star
注意: Don't move every word. Motion reads because some words stand still.
延伸阅读: film title design / motion typography systems
相关词条: Experimental Type / Swiss

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Generative Design — 初期コンピュータ・アートの展示 1978（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Generative Design

ジェネラティブ・デザイン / 1960s–computational present / Technique / Computational Expression

设计的是形态由之涌现的规则，而不是画出一张成品图。

迭代 / 参数 / 变体 / 偶然

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适用场景: Making large families of variants coherent；A face that responds to data and input
字体: Separate fixed, legible information from the variable display type
版面: Grow density, angle and color from one rule
材料: Narrow the range of randomness; let a person choose the results
注意: Generated complexity is not the goal. Decide first what varies and what stays fixed.
延伸阅读: algorithmic art / rule-based identity systems
相关词条: Minimalism / Acid

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Solarpunk — ソーラーパンクのイラストレーション（CC BY 4.0）

Solarpunk

ソーラーパンク / 2000s– / Aesthetic / Visions of the Future

拒绝把自然与技术对立起来，描绘一个由人手照料的明亮未来。

绿意与阳光 / 在地手作 / 可再生技术 / 社群

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适用场景: Talking about ecology through possibility, not guilt；Concrete futures where people and technology coexist
字体: A humane sans with handwritten notes
版面: Arrange plants, people and devices as a circulating relation
材料: Leaf green, solar yellow, wood, glass, copper
注意: Don't just add plants. Imagine the systems of resources, labor and community.
延伸阅读: ecological futures / community-centered speculative design
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Tech Spec

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Afrofuturism

アフロフューチャリズム / 20th century– / Aesthetic / Visions of the Future

接通非洲流散族群的历史、文化与未来，夺回被窃走的时间和新的可能。

宇宙未来 / 文化纹样 / 金属与土地 / 重释的神话

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适用场景: Narratives that speak past and future at once；Centering the viewpoint missing from received futures
字体: Pair geometric letterforms with culturally grounded faces, carefully
版面: Lead with the symbol; layer strata of time
材料: Deep black, gold, vivid color; research where the materials come from
注意: Never borrow patterns as anonymous 'African style.' Learn the specific makers, regions and histories.
延伸阅读: Sun Ra / Octavia E. Butler / Black speculative arts
相关词条: Cyberpunk / Art Deco

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Dark Academia

ダーク・アカデミア / 2010s– / historical references / Aesthetic / Narrative Expression

借来旧日学院书斋的阴影——对知识的痴迷，以及隐秘的亲密。

旧书 / 深褐与黑 / 古典衬线体 / 烛光

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适用场景: Heavy immersion for books, education and stories；A little danger added to quiet intelligence
字体: Classical serifs, small caps, footnotes
版面: Symmetries of title pages and bookplates
材料: Dark brown, ink black, parchment, weak light
注意: Don't reproduce the illegible gloom or the exclusionary authority. Keep a modern doorway open.
延伸阅读: classic book design / collegiate visual culture
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Gothic

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Claymorphism

クレイモーフィズム / 2020s / Style / UI Expression

以圆润如黏土的体量，把数字组件做得柔软、可把玩。

鼓胀的造型 / 内侧高光 / 柔和阴影 / 粉彩色

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适用场景: Making education, wellness and onboarding friendly；3D icons with character
字体: A rounded sans-serif
版面: One large dimensional object and a short caption
材料: Tonal lights and darks, rounded corners, a soft contact shadow
注意: Don't leave control states to shadows alone. Reserve the volume for the hero.
延伸阅读: soft 3D illustration / playful product onboarding
相关词条: Neumorphism / Kidcore

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Gradient Mesh

グラデーション・メッシュ / digital–contemporary / Technique / Color Expression

让多个色彩焦点平滑交融，为平面赋予光与空气的纵深。

多点渐变 / 洇开的光 / 大面积色域 / 柔和的纵深

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适用场景: An emotional backdrop for abstract service value；Rich atmosphere without photography
字体: Keep the type solid and sharp-edged
版面: Offset the color's focus from the type's focus; protect the margins
材料: Three or four colors, low noise, a core of light and dark
注意: Check contrast on the real screen so the ground never swallows the type.
延伸阅读: mesh gradient systems / abstract brand backgrounds
相关词条: Glassmorphism / Swiss

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Modular Type System

モジュラー・タイプシステム / modernist–variable type / Layout / Type Design

把字号与间距锁定在少数几个比例上，让声音在不断变换的媒介间保持一致。

比例级数 / 重复的层级 / 基线网格 / 可变字宽

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适用场景: Extending consistent hierarchy across pages and media；Making design decisions reproducible by a team
字体: One family, developed through weight, width and size
版面: A 4–8px base unit and three to six type steps
材料: Fix the rules of size, leading and margin before color
注意: Rule-keeping is not the goal. Leave room for the content's exceptions.
延伸阅读: typographic scales / variable font systems
相关词条: Swiss / New Wave

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Arts and Crafts

アーツ・アンド・クラフツ / 1860s–1910s / Style / Craft Movements

让材料与手工重回设计的中心，把日常生活的每一处细节统摄于同一信念之下。

重复的植物纹 / 平涂的轮廓 / 手工的密度 / 取自自然的色彩

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适用场景: Honesty for long-lived tools and household brands；Uniting pattern, letter and material in one story
字体: Serifs or ornamented letters that feel hand-cut
版面: Repeat plants and creatures with the seams hidden
材料: Deep indigo, plant-dye tones, off-white; keep the texture of paper and cloth
注意: A floral print alone loses the conviction. Align material, making and a structure that lasts.
延伸阅读: William Morris / Kelmscott Press
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Paper Marbling

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Victorian Ornament

ヴィクトリアン装飾 / 1837–1901 / Style / Historic Ornament

以众多复兴样式与工业印刷的富饶，垒起层层叠叠的装饰体系。

繁密的边框 / 对称 / 植物纹样 / 彩色石印

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适用场景: Giving packages and invitations the dignity of a collection；Making the act of studying detail the value itself
字体: Ornamented serifs and small capitals
版面: Fix a central axis; nest frames, headings and text
材料: Deep red, green, gold, cream; repeat hairlines in steps
注意: Never mix other cultures' patterns as anonymous ornament. Research origins; quote precisely.
延伸阅读: Owen Jones / Victorian chromolithography
相关词条: Maximalism / Gothic

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Vienna Secession — Alfred Roller, XIV Vienna Secession exhibition poster, 1902

Vienna Secession

ウィーン分離派 / 1897–1910s / Style / Fin de Siècle Art

用几何与平面构成收紧有机装饰，抹去艺术与设计之间的界线。

方格骨架 / 重复纹样 / 金与黑 / 平面化的人物与植物

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适用场景: Intelligent ornament for cultural venues and premium goods；Showing the tension between classical and modern
字体: Tall serifs or geometric hand-lettering
版面: Build on the square and a central axis; gather imagery at the top
材料: Off-white, black, gold; control fine repetition with large margins
注意: Don't lump it with Art Nouveau's plant curves. Keep the straight line, the grid, the flatness.
延伸阅读: Alfred Roller / Koloman Moser / Vienna Secession
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Art Deco

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Plakatstil / Sachplakat — Lucian Bernhard, Priester Matches poster, c. 1905

Plakatstil / Sachplakat

プラカートシュティール／即物ポスター / 1900s–1910s / Style / Advertising Posters

把广告削减到只剩产品与它的名字，让意义在街对面一眼送达。

单一的产品图像 / 粗壮的轮廓 / 平涂色 / 简短的品牌名

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适用场景: Outdoor advertising that fixes one product in memory；Betting everything on a single feature
字体: A short, heavy hand-drawn headline
版面: One large product, one line of name, a solid ground
材料: Two to four colors, shadowless imagery, clean contours
注意: Simplification is not omission. Choose the one thing to keep from what makes the product itself.
延伸阅读: Lucian Bernhard / Hans Rudi Erdt
相关词条: Minimalism / Constructivism

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Dada

ダダ / 1916–1920s / Style / Avant-garde

刻意错置意义与秩序，把权威本身变成玩笑的材料。

旋转的字体 / 声音的碎片 / 尺度的冲撞 / 失衡的页边

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适用场景: Cultural events and statements that doubt common sense；Making voice, noise and collision come before meaning
字体: Collide weights, directions and cases in one plane
版面: Keep one reading path; rotate and sever the rest
材料: Letterpress black, red, off-white; bind the accidents with repetition
注意: Not decorative messiness. Decide which authority or custom you are objecting to.
延伸阅读: Hannah Höch / Kurt Schwitters / Tristan Tzara
相关词条: Punk / Editorial Collage

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Italian Futurism

イタリア未来派 / 1909–1940s / Style / Avant-garde

把速度、噪音与冲击换算成字母的大小与轨迹，让安静的页面动起来。

自由的文字 / 放射状排版 / 拟声词 / 极端的尺度跳跃

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适用场景: Converting sound and speed into still images；Controlled explosions for titles and announcements
字体: Treat differing weights, widths and angles as volume
版面: Fix one point of impact; radiate and accelerate the words
材料: Black and off-white with one warning color
注意: Never split the movement's innovation from its embrace of war and Fascism; handle it critically.
延伸阅读: F. T. Marinetti / Fortunato Depero
相关词条: Experimental Type / Constructivism

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De Stijl

デ・ステイル / 1917–1931 / Style / Geometric Abstraction

把词汇限制在垂直、水平与三原色，从平衡中建起普遍的秩序。

垂直与水平 / 红、蓝、黄 / 白色块面 / 非对称的均衡

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适用场景: Brand systems that grow from few rules；Uniting abstraction with lucid order
字体: A rectilinear sans; treat letters as rectangles too
版面: Divide the plane with orthogonals; shift the weight off center
材料: White, black, primaries; ration the colored planes
注意: Not just red-blue-yellow squares. Design the ratios and the asymmetric balance.
延伸阅读: Theo van Doesburg / Piet Mondrian / Vilmos Huszár
相关词条: Bauhaus / Swiss

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Suprematism

シュプレマティスム / 1915–1920s / Style / Geometric Abstraction

把描绘抛在身后，从少数几何形与空白之中升起可感的张力。

漂浮的矩形 / 留白 / 对角线的重力 / 克制的用色

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适用场景: Presenting a concept as sensation, not explanation；Unstable motion inside emptiness
字体: Keep type small and neutral, apart from the forms' motion
版面: Three to seven forms on a diagonal axis, never touching
材料: White, black and red at the core; restrict the palette
注意: Don't stop at scattering shapes. Feel the gravity and spacing continuing beyond the frame.
延伸阅读: Kazimir Malevich / El Lissitzky
相关词条: Constructivism / Minimalism

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Ukiyo-e — Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa, c. 1830–32

Ukiyo-e

浮世絵 / 17th–19th century / Style / Japanese Woodblock Prints

以轮廓、平涂与大胆的裁切，把日常或风景中转瞬即逝的一刻定格为强有力的构图。

清晰的轮廓线 / 平涂色 / 大胆裁切 / 叠加的空间

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适用场景: Giving daily scenes a symbolic composition；Showing depth by overlap instead of realism
字体: Brush letters or a disciplined mincho fitting the subject; no meaningless Japanese
版面: Cut the foreground boldly; set a jump in scale against the distance
材料: Keylines and few color blocks; use the paper as one of the colors
注意: Not a kit of 'Japanese-style' signs. Research the artist, carver, printer, period and subject.
延伸阅读: Katsushika Hokusai / Utagawa Hiroshige / Edo-period printmaking
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Woodcut

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WPA Poster — Harry Herzog / Federal Art Project, See America, 1936–40

WPA Poster

WPAポスター / 1935–1943 / Style / Public Design

以简练的图像与少量印色，把公共的意图广泛而有力地传递出去。

简化的风景 / 粗壮无衬线体 / 丝网印色 / 明确的行动号召

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适用场景: Inviting participation in community, culture and public services；One-glance positive action for many people
字体: Heavy geometric sans in short imperatives
版面: One symbolic place or figure, large; information confined to top and bottom
材料: Three to five flat colors, the paper's own tone, simple shading
注意: Don't borrow only the nostalgia. Be clear about who is being asked to do what, publicly.
延伸阅读: Federal Art Project / Works Progress Administration poster collection
相关词条: Constructivism / Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

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Isotype — Otto Neurath & Gerd Arntz, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft, 1930

Isotype

アイソタイプ / 1920s–1940s / Layout / Information Design

把数量转译为等大符号的重复，让比较在语言之前就已可读。

统一的象形符号 / 符号的重复 / 比较的轴 / 克制的用色

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适用场景: Statistics comparable without expertise；Basic guidance and education across languages
字体: Short labels and clear figures; prose stays outside the chart
版面: Fix the unit per symbol; show change by count, never by size
材料: Few meaningful colors, equal line weights, aligned baselines
注意: Never scale one big symbol to show a difference. Always show unit, base and source.
延伸阅读: Otto Neurath / Gerd Arntz / Marie Neurath
相关词条: Swiss / Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

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Calligram

カリグラム / antiquity–modernism / Technique / Letterform Expression

让词语的排布长成其意义的形状——阅读与观看同时发生。

文字勾出轮廓 / 变换的阅读方向 / 有意味的留白 / 诗与图形融为一体

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适用场景: Making a short poem or title physically felt；A symbolic image from letters alone
字体: One face or one hand, keeping the words continuous
版面: Convert the sentence into contour, path and density; mark where reading begins
材料: Letter and paper as two colors; the shape itself is the star
注意: Don't fix a silhouette first and stuff words in. Let the text's rhythm generate the form.
延伸阅读: Guillaume Apollinaire / concrete poetry
相关词条: Experimental Type / Type Doodles

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Cyanotype — Anna Atkins, Dictyota dichotoma, 1843–53

Cyanotype

サイアノタイプ / 1842– / Technique / Photographic Printing

把物体的影子直接固定在深蓝之中——记录与抒情同在一幅画面里。

普鲁士蓝 / 白色的物体痕迹 / 接触投影 / 药液的不匀

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适用场景: Directly recording plants, materials and objects；Adding the trace of handwork to drawings and archives
字体: White or pale letters; add small classification labels
版面: Lead with the object's contour; keep generous blue around it
材料: One deep blue and the paper's white; don't polish away the exposure marks
注意: A blue filter is not the technique. Understand contact image, exposure and support.
延伸阅读: Anna Atkins / John Herschel / photographic printing processes
相关词条: Blueprint / Minimalism

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Woodcut

木版画 / 8th century– / Technique / Relief Printing

印出刻除之后留存的版面，以刀线的方向与黑白的力量托起图像。

运刀的方向 / 强烈的黑白对比 / 线条的疏密 / 木版的材质感

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适用场景: Carving a strong story or symbol in one color；Handwork resistance and reproducibility at once
字体: Contrast a heavy headline with the print's fine lines
版面: Place the black masses first; open focal points with white cuts
材料: Ink black and paper; run the line direction along the form
注意: Not a digital scuff texture. Design where the black stays and which way you carve.
延伸阅读: Albrecht Dürer / block-print traditions
相关词条: Gothic / Linocut

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Linocut

リノカット / 1890s– / Technique / Relief Printing

在光滑的版上大刀阔斧地刻，让少数几色与重复的形象带出推进的节奏。

大块刻面 / 叠印的色块 / 简化的形象 / 重复的动势

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适用场景: Showing crowds and daily motion as rhythm；A friendly hand-printed feel in few colors
字体: Letters sturdy enough to hold against the shapes; one color per block
版面: Repeat forms with aligned motion; change the current in one place
材料: Two to five color blocks, broad cut planes, the paper's ground
注意: The difference from woodcut is not mere roughness. Use linoleum's smooth curves and planes.
延伸阅读: Ethel Spowers / Claude Flight / Grosvenor School
相关词条: Woodcut / WPA Poster

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Letterpress — Johannes Gutenberg, Gutenberg Bible, c. 1455

Letterpress

活版印刷 / 15th century– / Technique / Relief Printing

排布实体活字，把文本可重复的秩序与压印在纸上的触感结合起来。

活字的规整 / 压入纸面的印痕 / 有限的字宽 / 墨色的深浅

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适用场景: Tactile weight for books, cards and invitations；Making the choice and setting of type the subject itself
字体: One type family in limited sizes for the hierarchy
版面: Respect physical leading and margins; restrict alignments
材料: One or two colors, thick paper, a slight bite and ink variance
注意: Don't over-perform deep impression and dry ink. Let type, paper, pressure and ink set the form.
延伸阅读: Johannes Gutenberg / movable type / fine press printing
相关词条: Swiss / Arts and Crafts

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Paper Marbling — Unknown maker, French marbled endpaper, c. 1735

Paper Marbling

マーブリング / historical–present / Technique / Decorated Paper

把浮在液面上的色彩流动仅此一次地转印到纸上——一种无法重复的秩序。

流动的纹脉 / 梳纹 / 多色漩涡 / 每一张都不同

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适用场景: A one-of-one feel for bindings, packaging and grounds；Organic counterpoint to strict typesetting
字体: A composed serif or small sans that doesn't fight the pattern
版面: Full-bleed pattern needs one clear text plane; partial use should show the cut edge
材料: Two to four flowing colors, the paper's absorbency, slight unevenness
注意: A digital swirl is no substitute. Understand the liquid's flow, the comb, the chance of transfer.
延伸阅读: bookbinding endpapers / ebru and suminagashi traditions
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Arts and Crafts

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Pochoir

ポショワール / 1890s–1930s / Technique / Stencil Coloring

一版一版地叠出印刷的颜色，为出版物带来手工上色的清爽色块与细微差异。

锐利的色块 / 镂版边缘 / 手工上色的差异 / 时装图版

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适用场景: Flat, luxurious plates of fashion and ornament；Handworked color for limited editions
字体: Fine serifs and restrained captions
版面: Center the figure or product; keep plane and margin contours clean
材料: Opaque spot colors layered per stencil; keep the small density shifts
注意: Not the same as flat vector fills. Design the stencil separations, printing order and hand variance.
延伸阅读: Gazette du Bon Ton / Paul Poiret / French fashion illustration
相关词条: Art Deco / 80’s Editorial

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Illuminated Manuscript — 『ケルズの書』キー・ロー・モノグラム 800年頃

Illuminated Manuscript

彩飾写本 / late antiquity–Renaissance / Style / Book Arts

将文字、图像与描金织入同一页面结构，使阅读成为一种仪式。

描金 / 装饰性首字母 / 细密画 / 页边注饰

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适用场景: Giving stories and provenance the weight of a collection；Symbolic entrances to chapters and sections
字体: Separate the roles of text face and ornamented initial
版面: Divide text block, image and margin clearly
材料: Parchment tones, gold, mineral color, fine outlines
注意: Not just medieval borders. Preserve reading order and information hierarchy.
延伸阅读: Spinola Hours / Getty manuscripts
相关词条: Gothic / Victorian Ornament

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Sumi-e

水墨画 / Tang dynasty–present / Technique / East Asian Painting

仅以墨的浓淡与留白，留住的不是对象的形，而是它的气息、速度与远近。

墨色浓淡 / 枯笔飞白 / 大片留白 / 一笔落下的速度

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适用场景: Presence and depth from few elements；Giving quiet brands and cultural projects room to breathe
字体: A light mincho or brush letters, sparingly
版面: Reserve as much for the unpainted as for the subject
材料: Ink, unbleached paper, absorption, bleed
注意: Not a black brush texture dropped in. Design the stroke order and the meaning of the emptiness.
延伸阅读: Sesshū Tōyō / haboku
相关词条: Minimalism / Ukiyo-e

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Stained Glass

ステンドグラス / medieval–present / Technique / Architectural Ornament

以彩色玻璃与铅条分割光线，让轮廓本身既是结构也是叙事。

铅条轮廓 / 透射的色彩 / 几何分割 / 宝石色调

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适用场景: Symbolic images with light in the leading role；Organizing complex narrative into panels
字体: Concise letters that hold against the contours
版面: Divide color fields with lead lines around a central figure
材料: Deep red, blue, gold, transmitted light, black joints
注意: Not just translucent gradients. Design the structural lines that carry the color fields.
延伸阅读: medieval glazing / lead came
相关词条: Gothic / Art Nouveau

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Op Art

オプ・アート / 1960s– / Style / Perceptual Art

以线条、形状与明度的重复，在静止的画面中激起知觉的颤动与深度。

高对比 / 重复的线条 / 视错觉 / 几何变形

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适用场景: Key visuals that stop the eye hard；Implying sound and motion in a still
字体: Keep a neutral sans away from the illusion zone
版面: Deform one repetition rule gradually
材料: Black and white plus exactly one color
注意: Never let the vibration reach the reading zone. Lower area and contrast on long-viewed screens.
延伸阅读: Bridget Riley / Victor Vasarely
相关词条: Psychedelic / Minimalism

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Japonisme

ジャポニスム / 1850s–1900s / Style / Cross-cultural Reception

把从日本版画中习得的不对称、平面性与大胆裁切，重新编入西方现代的构图。

不对称 / 大胆的裁切 / 平涂色块 / 草木与日常器物

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适用场景: Breaking the Western centered composition with margin and cut；Reading a real chapter of cultural exchange concretely
字体: Faces true to the period and author; no meaningless Japanese
版面: Cut the subject at the frame's edge; show depth by overlapping planes
材料: Woodblock colors, paper tone, keylines
注意: Not generic 'Japanese style.' Show who referred to what, through which route.
延伸阅读: James McNeill Whistler / Edgar Degas / ukiyo-e reception
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Ukiyo-e

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Trompe-l'œil

トロンプ・ルイユ / antiquity–present / Technique / Illusionism

隐去画面的边界，让材质、投影与尺度彼此吻合，直到你相信实物就在那里。

等身尺寸 / 落地的投影 / 材质的刻画 / 对画框边缘的利用

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适用场景: An entrance of surprise for products and exhibitions；Making the boundary between screen and reality the subject
字体: Treat letters as painted objects too, or keep them outside the illusion
版面: Place life-size objects and shadows rigorously on a single plane
材料: Wood, paper, metal, wear, light from one direction
注意: Not mere realism. Design the viewpoint, distance and boundary that make the viewer misread.
延伸阅读: William Michael Harnett / illusionistic painting
相关词条: Skeuomorphism / Glitch

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Frutiger Aero

フルティガー・エアロ / mid-2000s–early 2010s / Style / Consumer Tech Aesthetics

把光泽感的数字技术与蓝天、水、草地和气泡系在一起——一种亲切而乐观的未来。

蓝天与草地 / 透明的气泡 / 光泽感界面 / 人文主义字体

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适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Windows Aero / Sofi Lee / 2000s eco-tech advertising
相关词条: Web 2.0 Gloss / Y2K

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Corporate Memphis

コーポレート・メンフィス / mid-2010s– / Style / Corporate Illustration

用简化的人物、几何形与柔和的色彩，把数字服务讲述得安全而友好。

夸张的身体比例 / 平涂色彩 / 几何化的植物 / 白色底面

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适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't over-tokenize human diversity. Draw the service's own actions and situations.
延伸阅读: Alegria illustration / 2010s startup branding / neo-Memphis
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Memphis

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Dreamcore

ドリームコア / late-2010s–2020s / Aesthetic / Internet Aesthetics

以梦的逻辑剪辑怀旧的空间——像记忆一样，安心与失真同时存在的图像。

朦胧的郊外 / 云与天空 / 费解的字句 / 眼睛与门

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适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: late Tumblr / TikTok aesthetics / anemoia
相关词条: Liminal Space / Kidcore

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Weirdcore

ウィアードコア / 2010s–2020s / Aesthetic / Internet Aesthetics

叠加低分辨率图像、毫无关联的文字与扭曲的符号，直到现实的连结显得微微断裂。

低分辨率 / 不搭调的文字 / 眼睛与面孔 / 压缩噪点

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适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: imageboard culture / surreal web edits / derealization imagery
相关词条: Dreamcore / Glitch

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Liminal Space — 無人のショッピングセンター（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Liminal Space

リミナル・スペース / late-2010s– / Aesthetic / Internet Photo Aesthetics

拍摄本应容纳人群的过渡空间空无一人的样子——似曾相识、孤独、停滞的时间。

空荡的走廊 / 荧光灯 / 过时的室内 / 午夜之后的公共空间

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适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: The Backrooms / transitional architecture / anemoia
相关词条: Dreamcore / Surveillance

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Poolcore

プールコア / 2010s– / Aesthetic / Internet Aesthetics

无人的室内泳池、水面的反光与重复的瓷砖——平静与不安同处一地。

蓝色的水 / 白色瓷砖 / 空无一人的空间 / 水面上的光

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Jared Pike / liminal pools / Poolrooms
相关词条: Liminal Space / Glassmorphism

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Seapunk

シーパンク / 2011–2013 / Style / Internet Aesthetics

把海洋CG、绿松石色、海豚与九十年代的3D，混进社交媒体时代的音乐与时尚。

绿松石色 / 海豚CG / 波浪与贝壳 / 早期3D

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Tumblr / seapunk music / early-2010s net culture
相关词条: Vaporwave / Cyberpop

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Net.art

ネット・アート / 1990s– / Style / Digital Art

把浏览器、链接、传输错误——网络本身——当作作品的材料与场所。

链接的结构 / 浏览器界面 / 错误 / 参与与传输

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Not just an early-web look. Think about mechanisms that run on the network, and participation.
延伸阅读: JODI / Olia Lialina / Rhizome ArtBase
相关词条: Web 1.0 / Glitch

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ASCII Art

アスキーアート / 1960s– / Technique / Text-based Imagery

把等宽网格上有限的字符当作像素，仅凭文字构筑图像与明暗。

等宽字符 / 字符的密度 / 终端屏幕 / 单一颜色

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: typewriter art / terminal culture / ANSI art
相关词条: Web 1.0 / Experimental Type

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Pixel Art

ピクセルアート / 1970s– / Technique / Digital Image Techniques

把像素当作诚实的单位，以有限的分辨率与色板构筑清晰的形。

可见的像素 / 有限的色板 / 图块 / 精灵图

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: sprite art / tile maps / demoscene graphics
相关词条: Web 1.0 / Kidcore

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Low Poly

ローポリ / 1990s– / revival / Technique / 3D Expression

让稀少的多边形与生硬的面转折保持可见，以形的简约本身作为表达。

三角形面 / 棱角分明的轮廓 / 平面着色 / 稀少的顶点

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: early 3D games / flat shading / polygon budgets
相关词条: Pixel Art / Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

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Polish Poster School

ポーランド・ポスター派 / 1950s–1980s / Style / Regional Graphics

把电影与戏剧的宣传变成心理性的图像——以绘画、隐喻与手绘字体取代说明。

象征性的隐喻 / 手绘字体 / 粗粝的颜料肌理 / 一幅强烈的图像

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Henryk Tomaszewski / Jan Lenica / Roman Cieślewicz
相关词条: Editorial Collage / Psychedelic

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Postwar Japanese Poster

戦後日本のポスターデザイン / 1950s–1990s / Style / Regional Graphics

摄影、平涂色彩、书法与传统母题，被每一位设计师以各自的方式重新组构。

强烈的平面性 / 摄影与书法 / 个人化的符号 / 精确的构成

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Not one 'Japanese style.' Track the differences by designer, decade and client.
延伸阅读: Ikko Tanaka / Tadanori Yokoo / Kazumasa Nagai
相关词条: Ukiyo-e / Post-Modernism

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100

Czech Film Poster

チェコ映画ポスター / 1950s–1980s / Style / Regional Graphics

以拼贴、幻想式的描绘与实验性字体，把电影宣传变成独立的解读。

超现实的拼贴 / 手绘字体 / 符号 / 被改造的摄影

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Czechoslovak film posters / Josef Vyleťal / Zdeněk Ziegler
相关词条: Editorial Collage / Dada

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101

The New Typography — モホリ＝ナジのタイポグラフィック・コラージュ 1922（CC BY 3.0）

The New Typography

ニュー・タイポグラフィ / 1920s–1930s / Layout / Modernist Typography

以不对称、无衬线体、摄影与功能性的层级，把印刷品变成理性的信息结构。

不对称 / 无衬线字体 / 摄影 / 功能性的留白

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't borrow only the name. Verify the era, media and culture in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Jan Tschichold / elementare typographie / modernist printing
相关词条: Bauhaus / Swiss

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102

Superflat

スーパーフラット / 2000s– / Style / Japanese Contemporary Art

把动画、漫画、广告与传统绘画并置于同一平面，追问高雅艺术与消费文化的边界。

极致的平面性 / 鲜艳的色彩 / 重复的角色 / 商业文化

展开词条

适用场景: Studying the style's historical context；Comparing the visual vocabulary across real works
字体: Choose by the source era and medium
版面: Identify and reproduce one governing compositional principle
材料: Verify the materials and production conditions of real examples
注意: Don't confuse it with anime-style character work in general; verify the critique of consumer culture.
延伸阅读: Takashi Murakami / Hiropon Factory / postwar Japanese visual culture
相关词条: Pop Art / Cyberpop

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103

Photomontage

フォトモンタージュ / 1910s– / Technique / Photography and Print

剪裁并重新拼合照片的碎片，组装出原本的现实中从未存在过的关系与批判性意涵。

剪下的照片 / 混杂的尺度 / 可见的拼接痕 / 再利用的印刷品

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Hannah Höch / John Heartfield / Aleksandr Rodchenko
相关词条: Dada / Constructivism

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104

Concrete Poetry

具体詩／コンクリート・ポエトリー / 1950s–1970s / Layout / Experimental Typography

被组构的不只是词语的意义，还有它们的位置、重复、空白与声音——它们本身就是诗。

重复的词语 / 由字母构成的形状 / 大片的空白 / 被拆解的阅读顺序

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Don't press text into a shape. Build a structure where meaning, sound and placement act on each other.
延伸阅读: Eugen Gomringer / Dieter Roth / Augusto de Campos
相关词条: Calligram / Experimental Type

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105

Artist’s Book

アーティストブック / 1960s– / Technique / Publishing and Editing

把书设计成作品本身而非容器——装订、次序、纸张、重复，连读者的双手也计算在内。

作为物质的书 / 有次序的书页 / 自主出版 / 读者的介入

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Not the same as a well-designed monograph. Watch how the book's structure acts on its content.
延伸阅读: Dieter Roth / Ed Ruscha / Tauba Auerbach
相关词条: Concrete Poetry / Risograph

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106

Variable Font Design

可変フォント・デザイン / 2016– / Technique / Digital Typography

赋予一款字体连续的变化轴，让字重、字宽与倾斜随内容与数据而动。

连续的字重 / 可变的轴 / 数据驱动的字体 / 运动中的文字

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Don't make the morphing the show. Decide legibility and the meaning of the change first.
延伸阅读: OpenType Font Variations / Climate Crisis font / axis-based typography
相关词条: Kinetic Typography / Generative Design

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107

Streamline Moderne — グレイハウンド・バスターミナル 1938（CC BY 4.0）

Streamline Moderne

ストリームライン・モダン / 1930s–1940s / Style / Industrial and Spatial Design

以流线、水平线、圆角与金属，让静止之物也带上速度与机械时代的乐观。

流线型造型 / 水平饰带 / 圆角 / 镀铬

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Raymond Loewy / Henry Dreyfuss / Norman Bel Geddes
相关词条: Art Deco / Mid-Century Modern

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108

Precisionism

プレシジョニズム / 1910s–1940s / Style / American Modern Art

把工厂、粮仓、城市与机械化约为清晰的轮廓、简洁的几何与平滑的面来描绘。

锐利的轮廓 / 工业景观 / 几何化的简化 / 平滑的表面

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Charles Sheeler / Charles Demuth / Georgia O'Keeffe
相关词条: Streamline Moderne / Modernism

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109

New Vision Photography

ニュー・ヴィジョン写真 / 1920s–1930s / Style / Modern Photography

探索唯有相机才能抵达的知觉——俯瞰与仰视、极端的特写、对光的实验。

极端的取景角度 / 特写 / 硬光与阴影 / 抽象

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: László Moholy-Nagy / Film und Foto 1929 / Thomas Walther Collection
相关词条: Bauhaus / Photogram

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110

Photogram

フォトグラム / 1830s– / avant-garde revival / Technique / Photographic Techniques

不用相机成像：把物体放在感光面上曝光——轮廓、透明度与距离本身成为画面。

无相机 / 物体的轮廓 / 反转的明暗 / 接触与距离

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Not just any black-and-white abstraction. Verify the relation of surface, object and light.
延伸阅读: Anna Atkins / Man Ray / László Moholy-Nagy
相关词条: Cyanotype / Dada

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111

Solarization

ソラリゼーション / 19th century– / 1920s revival / Technique / Photographic Techniques

在显影中途再度曝光，使部分影调反转，化为发光的边缘与金属般的光。

局部影调反转 / 发光的边缘 / 金属感 / 暗房中的操作

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Not a digital edge filter. Understand the principle by which positive and negative reverse.
延伸阅读: Man Ray / Lee Miller / Maurice Tabard
相关词条: Photogram / Psychedelic

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112

Pictorialism

ピクトリアリズム / late-1800s–c.1914 / Style / Photography Movements

以柔焦、摆布的场景与手工制作的照片，把摄影呈现为与绘画等同的艺术。

柔焦 / 薄雾与逆光 / 绘画式的构图 / 手工制作的照片

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Alfred Stieglitz / Edward Steichen / Clarence H. White
相关词条: Victorian Ornament / Art Nouveau

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113

New Objectivity Photography — ブロスフェルトの植物写真

New Objectivity Photography

新即物主義写真 / 1920s–1930s / Style / Photography Movements

从感伤中退开，冷静地记录人与物的结构：清晰的焦点、正面性、类型学。

清晰的焦点 / 正面性 / 重复与类型 / 材质的细节

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Don't take the claim of objectivity at face value. Read the bias in the typology and the photographer's gaze.
延伸阅读: August Sander / Albert Renger-Patzsch / Aenne Biermann
相关词条: Precisionism / Swiss

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114

Chronophotography — マイブリッジ馬の疾走の連続写真 1878

Chronophotography

連続写真／クロノフォトグラフィ / 1870s–1890s / Technique / Photography and Motion

把运动分解为连续的瞬间，在一张或一组照片中让时间的结构显形。

多重曝光 / 连续的身体 / 等距的间隔 / 运动分析

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Check not only the look but the medium, technique and social context in which it formed.
延伸阅读: Étienne-Jules Marey / Eadweard Muybridge / motion studies
相关词条: Kinetic Typography / Italian Futurism

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115

Street Photography — アジェ『ストラスブール大通り（コルセット店）』1912

Street Photography

ストリート写真 / late-1800s– / Style / Photographic Genres

在街头与公共空间中，即时捕捉偶然、姿态与城市的种种关系。

公共空间 / 决定性瞬间 / 偶然的排列 / 日常的身影

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Don't treat people as urban props. Consider the ethics of shooting, the place, the distance to the subject.
延伸阅读: Lisette Model / Garry Winogrand / Helen Levitt
相关词条: New Objectivity Photography / Editorial Collage

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116

Staged Photography — キャメロン『リア王と三人の娘』1872

Staged Photography

演出写真 / 19th century– / 1970s revival / Technique / Photographic Genres

在按下快门之前就编排好场景、人物、道具与光，动摇了照片记录现实这一前提本身。

被搭建的场景 / 道具 / 电影式的布光 / 刻意的人工感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: When passing as candid, weigh the misreadings and ethics the staging imposes on the audience.
延伸阅读: Cindy Sherman / Jeff Wall / Thomas Demand
相关词条: Pictorialism / Surveillance

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117

Biomorphism — ヘップワース美術館の彫刻庭園（CC BY-SA 2.0）

Biomorphism

バイオモーフィズム／有機的形態 / 1930s–1960s / ongoing / Style / Form and Space

把令人联想到细胞、骨骼、器官与植物的不对称连续形态，延伸至抽象、家具、器皿与空间。

不对称的曲线 / 细胞般的形态 / 平滑连续的表面 / 源自自然的抽象

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Not just placing round blobs. Derive form from natural structure and contact with the body.
延伸阅读: Russel Wright / Isamu Noguchi / organic form
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Art Nouveau

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118

Typographic Space

タイポグラフィック・スペース / 1897– / modernist legacy / Layout / Experimental Typography

把阅读的时间与声音的强弱当作空间来设计——跨页的空白、字号与行的跳跃、多种字体。

横跨跨页的句子 / 大片的空白 / 多种字体 / 非线性的阅读顺序

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing historical works and their conditions；Deciding which principles survive translation to today's media
字体: Observe the type and composition of reference works
版面: Extract the one principle that steers the eye
材料: Verify the technique's own materials, process and support
注意: Scattered letters are not an experiment. Design how blank, size and position act on reading speed.
延伸阅读: Stéphane Mallarmé / Marcel Broodthaers / Un Coup de dés
相关词条: Concrete Poetry / The New Typography

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119

International Style — ミース 860–880レイクショア・ドライブ（CC BY-SA 2.5）

International Style

インターナショナル・スタイル / 1920s–1960s / Style / Modern Architecture

剥除装饰，指向跨越国界的普遍建筑语言：方盒、自由平面，钢、混凝土与玻璃。

矩形体量 / 玻璃面 / 去除装饰 / 自由平面

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not just a white box. Read the structure, the plan, the industrial materials, the social thought.
延伸阅读: Le Corbusier / Ludwig Mies van der Rohe / Philip Johnson
相关词条: Modernism / Bauhaus

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120

Metabolist Architecture — 中銀カプセルタワービル（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Metabolist Architecture

メタボリズム建築 / 1960s–1970s / Style / Japanese Architecture Movements

把城市与建筑设想为一个能像有机体那样生长、更换与再生的巨大系统。

可更换的舱体 / 巨构建筑 / 生长的城市 / 有机的网络

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't quote only the capsule shape. Grasp the systems thinking about growth and urban renewal.
延伸阅读: Kenzō Tange / Kisho Kurokawa / Fumihiko Maki
相关词条: International Style / Space Age Design

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121

High-Tech Architecture — ロジャースロイズ・ビル（CC BY-SA 4.0）

High-Tech Architecture

ハイテック建築 / 1970s– / Style / Modern Architecture

把建筑由内向外翻转——管道、结构、电梯与节点悉数外露——将其呈现为一台巨大的机器。

外露的设备管线 / 外置结构 / 金属与玻璃 / 模块

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of region, politics, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Richard Rogers / Norman Foster / Renzo Piano
相关词条: International Style / Tech Spec

design.md ／图像提示词

122

Tropical Modernism — チャンディーガル合同庁舎（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Tropical Modernism

トロピカル・モダニズム / 1940s–1970s / Style / Climate and Modern Architecture

以檐棚、百叶、通风与遮阳，使现代建筑适应湿热气候。

遮阳板 / 深挑檐 / 穿堂通风 / 通透隔栅

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not 'tropical décor.' Examine colonialism, post-independence nation-building and local architects' roles.
延伸阅读: Jane Drew / Maxwell Fry / John Owuso Addo
相关词条: International Style / Organic Architecture

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123

Organic Architecture

有機的建築 / 1900s– / Style / Architectural Thought

拒绝将建筑、家具、材料、地形与光线分开——连同场所与生命构成一个连续体。

与地形融为一体 / 水平线 / 天然材料 / 室内外的连续

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Beyond curves and wood: see how site, structure, furniture and human movement become one.
延伸阅读: Frank Lloyd Wright / Fallingwater / Taliesin
相关词条: Biomorphism / Arts and Crafts

design.md ／图像提示词

124

Radical Architecture — アーキズーム『スーパーオンダ』1967（CC BY 3.0）

Radical Architecture

ラディカル建築／イタリアン・ラディカル / late-1960s–1970s / Style / Anti-architecture and Experimental Design

反对功能主义与消费社会，以虚构的城市、家具、摄影与拼贴，批判建筑自身的前提。

思辨性的城市 / 反功能主义 / 无尽的网格 / 游戏与批判

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of region, politics, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Superstudio / Archizoom / Gaetano Pesce
相关词条: Postmodern Architecture / Deconstructivism

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125

Postmodern Architecture — グレイヴスポートランド・ビル 1982（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Postmodern Architecture

ポストモダン建築 / 1960s–1990s / Style / Modern Architecture

反抗现代主义的普适性，把历史引用、装饰、符号、色彩与反讽重新带回城市与建筑。

历史引用 / 装饰的回归 / 浓烈的色彩 / 双重含义

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not pasted classical motifs. Read what of modernism is being criticized, and for whom.
延伸阅读: Robert Venturi / Denise Scott Brown / Michael Graves
相关词条: Post-Modernism / Radical Architecture

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126

Googie

グーギー建築 / late-1940s–1960s / Style / American Commercial Architecture

以夸张的屋顶、霓虹、玻璃与太空时代造型，把路边商业变成一场戏——从车中一瞥即可辨识。

上扬的屋顶 / 巨型霓虹 / 回旋镖造型 / 整面玻璃

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not a pile of space symbols. Read it as commercial architecture exaggerated for car culture and visibility.
延伸阅读: Armet & Davis / John Lautner / coffee shop modern
相关词条: Space Age Design / Mid-Century Modern

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127

Space Age Design — アールニオボールチェア 1963–65（CC BY 2.5）

Space Age Design

スペースエイジ・デザイン / 1957–early 1970s / Style / Postwar Industrial Design

把太空竞赛的憧憬转译为舱体造型、球形、模塑塑料、鲜艳色彩与轻质家具。

舱体造型 / 模塑塑料 / 球体 / 鲜艳的合成色

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of region, politics, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Eero Aarnio / Verner Panton / Olivier Mourgue
相关词条: Googie / Streamline Moderne

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128

Harlem Renaissance — 『The New Negro』初版 1925

Harlem Renaissance

ハーレム・ルネサンス / 1920s–1930s / Style / Black Modernism

一场经由文学、音乐、舞台、出版与艺术，以自己的语言和图像重建黑人自我表述与现代性的文化运动。

黑人的自我表述 / 爵士时代 / 杂志与出版 / 现代的人物形象

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Never shrink it to a decorative style. Treat it as self-determination across literature, music, publishing and politics.
延伸阅读: Alain Locke / Aaron Douglas / The New Negro
相关词条: Art Deco / Photomontage

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129

Mexican Muralism

メキシコ壁画運動 / 1920s–1940s / Style / Public Art

把革命之后的历史、劳动、原住民文化与未来愿景，绘于公共建筑的巨幅墙面。

纪念碑式壁画 / 群像 / 政治叙事 / 公共空间

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of region, politics, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Diego Rivera / José Clemente Orozco / David Alfaro Siqueiros
相关词条: WPA Poster / Woodcut

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130

AfriCOBRA — ジェイ・ジャレル『Revolutionary Suit』を着る作家本人撮影: sarahstierch（CC BY 2.0）

AfriCOBRA

アフリコブラ / 1968– / Style / Black Arts Movement

以炽烈的色彩、节奏、字体与以非洲为中心的图像，呈现黑人社群的自我肯定与政治意识。

Kool-Aid 般的色彩 / 节奏性的重复 / 文字与人物 / 非洲中心的图像

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Never anonymize it as 'African-style' color and pattern. Verify the collective's principles and its purpose for Black community.
延伸阅读: Jeff Donaldson / Wadsworth Jarrell / Barbara Jones-Hogu
相关词条: Harlem Renaissance / Psychedelic

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131

Chicano Graphics

チカーノ・グラフィックス / 1965– / Style / Printmaking and Social Movements

以丝网版画、海报、讽刺与肖像，为墨西哥裔美国人的文化自决与社会正义发声。

丝网印刷 / 抗议海报 / 象征性肖像 / 双语文字

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Never borrow the palette and symbols apart from the political demands. Identify the artists, movements and print shops.
延伸阅读: Rupert García / Ester Hernandez / Galería de la Raza
相关词条: Mexican Muralism / Risograph

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132

OSPAAAL Poster

OSPAAAL連帯ポスター / 1966–1990s / Style / Cuban Political Graphics

以平涂色彩、摄影、图像符号与简短的多语文字，传递与反殖民解放运动的跨国声援。

炽烈的平涂色彩 / 多种语言 / 象征性图像符号 / 国际声援

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't consume revolutionary aesthetics as décor. Show which movement was supported, by whom, in which medium.
延伸阅读: OSPAAAL / Alfredo Rostgaard / Emory Douglas
相关词条: Constructivism / Chicano Graphics

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133

Islamic Geometric Pattern — アルハンブラ宮殿のタイル（CC BY 2.0）

Islamic Geometric Pattern

イスラム幾何学文様 / 8th century– / Technique / Geometric Ornament

对圆、方、多边形与星形加以分割、重复与组合，在有限的平面上建立无限延展的秩序。

圆规作图 / 星形 / 重复的单元 / 交织的线条

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't treat the Islamic world as one culture. Verify region, dynasty, material and use in architecture and craft.
延伸阅读: girih / jali / Topkapı Scroll
相关词条: Op Art / Stained Glass

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134

Mughal Miniature

ムガル細密画 / 16th–19th centuries / Style / South Asian Court Painting

以精微的笔致、金彩、颜料、装饰边框与多重视点，把宫廷生活、历史、自然与故事凝缩于方寸之间。

精微的笔致 / 金彩与不透明水彩 / 装饰边框 / 多重视点

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not all Indian miniature painting. Distinguish the Mughal, Deccani, Rajasthani and Pahari schools.
延伸阅读: Akbarnama / Ustad Mansur / Mughal ateliers
相关词条: Illuminated Manuscript / Paper Marbling

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135

New Topographics

ニュー・トポグラフィックス / 1975– / Style / Photography Movements

冷静地记录被人改变的景观——郊区、开发地块、工业园区——而非壮丽的自然。

空荡的郊区 / 正面性 / 干涩的色调 / 人为改变的景观

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of region, politics, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Robert Adams / Lewis Baltz / Bernd and Hilla Becher
相关词条: New Objectivity Photography / Street Photography

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136

Film Noir

フィルム・ノワール / 1940s–1950s / later revivals / Style / Cinematic Visual Styles

以低调布光、深重的阴影、倾斜的构图、夜晚的城市与反光，把不信任、孤立与宿命刻入画面。

低调布光 / 强烈的明暗对比 / 雨与夜街 / 斜射的阴影

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Not just monochrome, smoke and venetian blinds. Run urban anxiety and psychology through composition, light and narration.
延伸阅读: German Expressionism / Robert Siodmak / The Big Sleep
相关词条: Gothic / Street Photography

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137

Zine

ジン／自主制作冊子 / 1930s– / 1970s revival / Technique / Self-publishing

不经出版社，以小印量、低预算与自制复印，让个人与社群的声音得以流通。

复印机 / 手写字 / 剪贴 / 小印量

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: Don't imitate the rough copy look alone. Define first who is sharing what, with whom, in a self-made medium.
延伸阅读: Bikini Kill / riot grrrl zines / self-publishing
相关词条: Punk / Risograph

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138

Photobook

写真集／フォトブック / 19th century– / Layout / Photography and Publishing

不止于单张照片，而以整本书——序列、跨页、留白、文字、纸张与开本——构成视觉叙事。

照片的序列 / 跨页 / 重复与停顿 / 作为物质的书

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs space and gaze
材料: Verify materials specific to region, period and process
注意: More than photos in order: design how page-turning time and materiality change the meaning.
延伸阅读: Robert Frank / Daido Moriyama / Ed Ruscha
相关词条: Artist’s Book / New Topographics

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139

Liquid Glass

リキッドガラス / 2025– / Style / Apple UI

把浮起的控件与导航层统一为一种流动的玻璃材质，折射其下的内容并随之适应。

动态折射 / 同心的圆角 / 浮起的控件层 / 映出的背景色

展开词条

适用场景: Separating content and control layers on Apple platforms；Floating transient controls above media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not translucent-card decoration. Don't overuse it on content layers; honor legibility and reduced-transparency settings.
延伸阅读: Apple Human Interface Guidelines / regular and clear variants / content and functional layers
相关词条: Glassmorphism / Skeuomorphism

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140

Fluent 2

フルーエント2 / 2022– / Style / Microsoft UI

将色彩、字体、间距、圆角与深度令牌化，并按角色在微软各产品中部署 Solid、Acrylic、Mica 与 Smoke 材质。

Mica 与 Acrylic / 中性的色调层级 / 柔和的圆角 / 令牌化的深度

展开词条

适用场景: Work UI at home in Windows and Microsoft 365；Themes and states consistent across many products
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Never use blur and shadow as mere looks. Map surface roles, window states, light, dark and high contrast.
延伸阅读: Fluent 2 / Acrylic / Mica / design tokens
相关词条: Glassmorphism / Material You / Material 3

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141

Material You / Material 3

マテリアル・ユー／マテリアル3 / 2021– / Style / Google UI

从用户的壁纸与选择中导出配色系统，使形状、色彩、动效与组件都因人而变。

动态取色 / 大圆角 / 个性化主题 / 自适应组件

展开词条

适用场景: Mobile UI that honors the user's color choices；Adapting one design system to many brands
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not just pastels and big corners. Design the color roles, states, accessibility and user-driven change.
延伸阅读: Material You / Dynamic Color / Material 3 / Monet color system
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Material 3 Expressive

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142

Material 3 Expressive

マテリアル3・エクスプレッシブ / 2025– / Style / Google UI

更强势地运用形状、色彩、尺寸、动效与容器，同时提升关键操作的可发现性与情感性格。

大胆的形状与色彩 / 可变的尺寸 / 弹性的动效 / 强容器与聚焦

展开词条

适用场景: Mobile UI that spotlights the primary action；Products that need a brand's own emotion
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't enlarge everything. Concentrate expression where it improves guidance, tap speed and comprehension.
延伸阅读: Material 3 Expressive / expressive tactics / motion physics / variable fonts
相关词条: Material You / Material 3 / Memphis

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143

Fluxus

フルクサス / early 1960s–late 1970s / Style / International Avant-garde

看重行为与参与甚于完成的作品——指令乐谱、盒子、廉价的复数件、表演与事件——消解艺术与日常的边界。

事件乐谱 / 盒子与复数件 / 日常的行为 / 反艺术的幽默

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't imitate random instructions and plain boxes. Define how ownership, authority and the audience relation change.
延伸阅读: George Maciunas / Yoko Ono / Alison Knowles / Fluxkit
相关词条: Dada / Conceptual Art

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144

Arte Povera

アルテ・ポーヴェラ / 1967–1970s / Style / Italian Avant-garde

使用不贵重、会变化的材料——泥土、树枝、布、石、火、金属——介入艺术的商品化与工业的价值观。

非贵重的材料 / 变化与衰败 / 自然对抗工业 / 裸露的组构

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not an aged-material mood. Verify the critique of value, time, labor and institutions.
延伸阅读: Germano Celant / Mario Merz / Marisa Merz / Jannis Kounellis
相关词条: Conceptual Art / Earthwork / Land Art

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145

Gutai

具体美術協会 / 1954–1972 / Style / Japanese Postwar Avant-garde

直接作用于身体、泥浆、纸、水、烟与灯泡——在这些事件里，精神并不支配物质，二者互相揭示彼此的本性。

身体与物质的碰撞 / 户外展览 / 撕、掷、踏 / 参与与游戏

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't stage the violence of making as spectacle. Read postwar Japan, the autonomy of material, audience participation.
延伸阅读: Yoshihara Jirō / Shiraga Kazuo / Tanaka Atsuko / Gutai Art Manifesto
相关词条: Abstract Expressionism / Fluxus

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146

Rinpa

琳派 / early 17th century– / Style / Japanese Decorative Art

把绘画、工艺与书法融为大胆的平面构成——金银底、矿物颜料、简化的自然、余白、重复与溜入法。

金银底 / 大胆简化的自然 / 重复与余白 / 溜入法的渗染

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not gold leaf and flowers as 'Japanese style.' Verify the literary quotation, calligraphy, craft media and the lineage of homage across generations.
延伸阅读: Hon'ami Kōetsu / Tawaraya Sōtatsu / Ogata Kōrin / Kamisaka Sekka
相关词条: Sumi-e / Ukiyo-e

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147

Scandinavian Modern — アアルト・ベース（CC BY 4.0）

Scandinavian Modern

スカンジナビアン・モダン / late 1940s–1960s / Style / Scandinavian Design

把功能与批量生产，连同天然材料的温度、顺应身体的曲线与清晰好用的造型结合起来。

清晰的功能 / 天然材料 / 顺应身体的曲线 / 克制的色彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not just white rooms and pale wood. Verify climate, the welfare state, craft-industry links and national differences.
延伸阅读: Alvar Aalto / Arne Jacobsen / Jens Risom / Greta Magnusson Grossman
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Minimalism

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148

Abstract Expressionism

抽象表現主義 / 1940s–1950s / Style / Postwar American Art

在巨幅画布上留下的是绘画的行为与强烈的内在情感——身体性的笔触、滴淌、浸染、大片色域——而非被描绘的对象。

巨幅画布 / 身体性的笔触 / 满幅构图 / 滴淌与浸染

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not just flung paint. Read each artist's method, postwar politics, the relation of scale to body.
延伸阅读: Lee Krasner / Jackson Pollock / Norman Lewis / Willem de Kooning
相关词条: Gutai / Color Field Painting

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149

Color Field Painting

カラーフィールド・ペインティング / late 1940s–1960s / Style / Postwar Abstract Painting

构筑包裹观者的色彩空间——大片连续的色域、浸染的边缘、极少的形、漫长的观看时间。

广阔的色域 / 浸染的轮廓 / 极少的形 / 沉浸式的尺度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a gradient backdrop. Design how area, adjacency, edge and viewing distance change the feeling.
延伸阅读: Mark Rothko / Barnett Newman / Helen Frankenthaler / Sam Gilliam
相关词条: Abstract Expressionism / Minimalism

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150

Conceptual Art — コスース『1つと3つの椅子』展示（CC BY 2.0）

Conceptual Art

コンセプチュアル・アート / mid-1960s–1970s / Style / Contemporary Art

把观念本身——文字、定义、规则、记录、放置——置于物件的完成度之上。

文字与定义 / 指令与规则 / 记录性照片 / 去物质化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not just long wall texts. Change what counts as the work — structure, site and the audience relation included.
延伸阅读: Joseph Kosuth / Sol LeWitt / Hanne Darboven / Lawrence Weiner
相关词条: Fluxus / Earthwork / Land Art

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151

Earthwork / Land Art — スミッソン『スパイラル・ジェッティ』1970（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Earthwork / Land Art

アースワーク／ランドアート / late 1960s–1970s / Style / Environment and Contemporary Art

以泥土、石块、枝干、地形与机械塑造景观本身，把场所、时间、侵蚀与记录一并纳入作品。

对地形的介入 / 泥土与石块 / 巨大的尺度 / 侵蚀与时间

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not natural materials brought indoors. Consider land ownership, environmental cost, Indigenous places and the power of documentation.
延伸阅读: Robert Smithson / Ana Mendieta / Richard Long / Nancy Holt
相关词条: Conceptual Art / Arte Povera

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152

Neo-Concrete Art — リジア・クラーク『ビーショ』（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Neo-Concrete Art

ネオ・コンクリート・アート / 1959–1966 / Style / Brazilian Avant-garde

把几何抽象从固定的视觉秩序中解放出来，以身体的参与——触摸、移动、进入——让作品向变化敞开。

可动的几何 / 身体的参与 / 折叠与铰链 / 感性的色彩与空间

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not just 'Brazilian geometric abstraction.' Read the revolt against objectivism and transformation by the viewer's body.
延伸阅读: Lygia Clark / Hélio Oiticica / Lygia Pape / Manifesto Neoconcreto
相关词条: De Stijl / Tropicália

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153

Tropicália

トロピカリア / mid-1960s– / Style / Brazilian Counterculture

混合炽烈的色彩、音乐、沙、植物、临时搭建的空间与参与——批判独裁时期的压制，以及被输出的“热带天堂”形象。

炽烈的混杂 / 参与性的空间 / 音乐与服装 / 被颠倒的热带形象

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not colorful tropical kitsch. Verify Brazil's military regime, the favelas, the political mixing of music and art.
延伸阅读: Hélio Oiticica / Lygia Pape / Caetano Veloso / Gilberto Gil
相关词条: Neo-Concrete Art / Psychedelic

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154

Screenprint

スクリーンプリント／シルクスクリーン / 20th century– / Technique / Stencil Printing

遮挡与开放网版，用刮刀把油墨压过网孔——硬边的轮廓与强烈匀实的色彩，一层层叠印。

硬边的轮廓 / 平涂的色块 / 逐层叠印 / 轻微的套印偏移

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a color-separation filter. Design the number of screens, printing order, opacity, registration, support.
延伸阅读: serigraphy / squeegee / photo emulsion / Andy Warhol
相关词条: Risograph / Pop Art

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155

Lithography

石版画／リトグラフ / 1796– / Technique / Planographic Printing

利用油与水的相斥，从石版或金属版上复制蜡笔与墨汁的笔迹，完整保留手的柔软。

油性蜡笔 / 石版或金属版 / 绘画性的调子 / 多色套印

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a pencil texture. Understand water and grease, the stone's surface, damping, rollers, overprinting.
延伸阅读: Alois Senefelder / tusche / Toulouse-Lautrec / offset lithography
相关词条: Plakatstil / Sachplakat / Etching

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156

Intaglio

凹版印刷 / 15th century– / Technique / Intaglio Printing

油墨存于版面之下的线与凹处，以强压把湿润的纸压入其中——精确的线条与版痕的印记。

凹陷的线 / 版痕 / 湿润的纸 / 高压印刷机

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not generic fine-line decoration. Distinguish the line and tone of engraving, biting, burr and roughened ground.
延伸阅读: engraving / drypoint / aquatint / plate tone
相关词条: Etching / Mezzotint

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157

Mezzotint

メゾチント / 1640s– / Technique / Intaglio Printing

先将整块版打毛以印出深黑，再把亮部磨回——图像自丝绒般的黑暗中浮现，而非由线条构成。

丝绒般的黑 / 由暗到明 / 柔和的层次 / 磨出的亮部

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a dark gradient effect. Reflect the inverted process — carving light out of a roughened plate — in the tonal design.
延伸阅读: rocker / burnisher / tonal printmaking / dark manner
相关词条: Intaglio / New Objectivity Photography

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158

Etching

エッチング／腐食銅版画 / 16th century– / Technique / Intaglio Printing

用针划开耐酸的防蚀层，让酸咬蚀裸露的金属——版上留下纤细、流畅、近乎手写的线条。

纤细流畅的线 / 以咬蚀求得深度 / 交叉排线 / 版痕

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a uniform pen-line filter. Watch biting time, layered lines, wiping and the press's pressure.
延伸阅读: ground / etching needle / acid bite / Rembrandt
相关词条: Intaglio / Woodcut

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159

Roman Square Capitals — トラヤヌス帝記念柱の碑文 113年（CC BY-SA 2.0）

Roman Square Capitals

ローマン・キャピタル / 1st–2nd century / Style / Letterform History

为石刻而凿的大写字母，具几何比例与衬线，成为拉丁字母的骨架，并在两千年间充当权威的原型。

几何比例 / 凿刻的衬线 / 全大写排版 / 纪念碑式的字距

展开词条

适用场景: Designing inscription-like titles in capitals；Giving institutions and honors a voice of permanence
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: The carving came from brush layout and the chisel's work. Don't explain it by geometry alone; observe the tools' traces.
延伸阅读: The Trajan Column inscription / Edward Catich, The Origin of the Serif / capitalis monumentalis
相关词条: Old Style Serif / Blackletter

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160

Blackletter

ブラックレター / 12th century– / Style / Letterform History

把手抄的书写压缩为黑而竖直的字母，以均匀织密的黑填满页面——也是印刷术最早的字体。

密集的竖笔 / 以折角代替曲线 / 厚重的黑度 / 装饰性的大写字母

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a sign for 'old' or 'menacing.' Remember its history of religious, national and political use.
延伸阅读: The Gutenberg 42-line Bible / Textura, Fraktur and Rotunda / the 20th-century German Fraktur dispute
相关词条: Gothic / Letterpress

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161

Old Style Serif

オールドスタイル・ローマン / 15th–16th century– / Style / Type Classification

为长时间阅读也不觉疲劳的正文字体立下标准：笔尖带来的倾斜轴线与温和的笔画对比。

倾斜轴线 / 温和的粗细对比 / 括弧式衬线 / 适中的x高度

展开词条

适用场景: Setting the text of books and long-form media；A humanist, settled brand voice
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Claude Garamond / Nicolas Jenson / the Aldine roman
相关词条: Italic / Transitional Serif

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162

Italic

イタリック / 1501– / Style / Letterform History

铸成活字的人文主义手写体：倾斜的字母让袖珍本成为可能，此后成为正体之外的第二种声音。

向右倾斜 / 连绵的书写感 / 字身偏窄 / 与正体形成对照

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not mere 'oblique.' Distinguish slanted distortion from the true italic's independent design.
延伸阅读: Aldus Manutius / Francesco Griffo / the chancery hand
相关词条: Old Style Serif / Copperplate Script

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163

Transitional Serif — バスカヴィル版ウェルギリウス 1757

Transitional Serif

トランジショナル / 18th century / Style / Type Classification

把轴线扶正到接近垂直，加大笔画对比，并将纸张与油墨一并设计——字体成为独立于书写的制作之物。

近乎垂直的轴线 / 加强的对比 / 锐利的水平衬线 / 与光洁纸张一同设计

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: John Baskerville / the Romain du Roi / 18th-century papermaking and printing
相关词条: Old Style Serif / Didone

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164

Didone

ディドーネ / late 18th century– / Style / Type Classification

一种构筑而成的罗马正体，把发丝线与垂直主干的对比推向极限——既是理性时代的终点，也是奢侈的符号。

极端对比 / 垂直轴线 / 发丝般的衬线 / 数学式构造

展开词条

适用场景: An authoritative voice for fashion and beauty；Designing tension into large headlines
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Hairlines vanish at small sizes and low resolution. Check optical sizes per display environment.
延伸阅读: Giambattista Bodoni / Firmin Didot / Manuale Tipografico
相关词条: Fat Face / Luxury Minimal

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165

Fat Face

ファットフェイス / c. 1803– / Style / Display Type

为广告把迪多体的主干膨胀到极致——最早为了隔街呼喊而造的展示字体。

膨胀的主干 / 发丝般的横画 / 紧凑的字距 / 海报般的尺度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Robert Thorne / 19th-century lottery and playbills / modern revivals
相关词条: Didone / Wood Type

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166

Slab Serif

スラブセリフ / 1815– / Style / Type Classification

与笔画等粗的方形衬线把字母变成了机械构造——工业广告那坚实的嗓音。

方板衬线 / 笔画粗细均一 / 结实的字形 / 机械式重复

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Vincent Figgins, Antique (1815) / the Clarendon and Ionic lineage / 19th-century foundry specimens
相关词条: Wood Type / Grotesque Sans

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167

Grotesque Sans

グロテスク・サンセリフ / 1816– / Style / Type Classification

褪去衬线的无装饰字母最初被称作“怪诞”——它别扭的均匀感成了告示与标题的新声音。

没有衬线 / 收紧的字腔开口 / 宽窄不一的怪癖 / 标题般的浓黑

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: William Caslon IV, Egyptian (1816) / Akzidenz-Grotesk / the 19th-century foundry race
相关词条: Slab Serif / Neo-grotesque Sans

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168

Neo-grotesque Sans — ニューヨーク地下鉄のヘルベチカ標識（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Neo-grotesque Sans

ネオ・グロテスク / 1957– / Style / Type Classification

剔除怪诞体的怪癖、把“中性”立为设计目标——战后理性主义与跨国公司的声音。

均匀而封闭的字形 / 低对比 / 较大的x高度 / 扮演中性的声音

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: 'Neutral' is a design ideology, not a fact. Don't use it as an excuse for blandness; choose it for a reason.
延伸阅读: Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffmann / Adrian Frutiger, Univers / Swiss typography
相关词条: Swiss / Grotesque Sans

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169

Geometric Sans

ジオメトリック・サンセリフ / 1927– / Style / Type Classification

把字形还原为圆、线与三角——用几何而非手的习惯，来构筑新时代的字母。

近乎正圆的字碗 / 等线笔画 / 几何化的骨架 / 机器时代的乐观

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: It looks purely geometric but is full of optical correction. Don't set shapes as letters; observe the corrections.
延伸阅读: Paul Renner, Futura / Herbert Bayer's universal alphabet / Erbar and Kabel
相关词条: Bauhaus / Neo-grotesque Sans

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170

Humanist Sans — ジョンストン体のラウンデル（CC BY 2.0）

Humanist Sans

ヒューマニスト・サンセリフ / 1916– / Style / Type Classification

保留罗马正体的骨架与比例而去掉衬线——功能之中仍留有手的记忆；公共标识的标准。

罗马体比例 / 开敞的字腔开口 / 笔画略有粗细变化 / 小字号下仍高度易读

展开词条

适用场景: Building sign systems for transit and public buildings；Choosing UI text that balances warmth and trust
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Edward Johnston / Eric Gill / Adrian Frutiger, Frutiger
相关词条: Old Style Serif / Modular Type System

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171

Wood Type

木活字ディスプレイ / 1827– / Technique / Display Type

为大幅招贴而以木材刻出的巨型字母，创造了极度紧缩、极度拉伸与装饰化的展示字体词汇。

巨大的字号 / 极度的压缩与拉伸 / 雕刻出的装饰 / 油墨磨蹭与木材纹理

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Darius Wells's lateral router / Hamilton Manufacturing / Rob Roy Kelly's American wood type research
相关词条: Letterpress / Slab Serif

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172

Copperplate Script — ビッカム『ユニバーサル・ペンマン』1733–43

Copperplate Script

カッパープレート・スクリプト / 17th–18th century– / Style / Lettering

由铜版雕刻家纤细流畅的线条诞生的书写理想——最终定型为正式场合、社交与证书的字体。

发丝与膨笔的对比 / 连绵不断的笔画 / 倾斜的椭圆骨架 / 花饰笔法

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: George Bickham / English round hand / the mutual influence of graver and pen
相关词条: Italic / Victorian Ornament

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173

Sign Painting

サインペインティング / 19th century– / Technique / Lettering

直接绘制在建筑与玻璃上的商业字体行当——把手的痕迹留在街头的字之声。

保留笔刷的笔触 / 阴影与勾边 / 一笔到位不作修改 / 因地制宜的即兴

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适用场景: Hand warmth for shop and restaurant identities；One-of-a-kind signs no ready-made font can give
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: show-card writing / One Shot enamel strokes / the sign-painting revival
相关词条: Wood Type / Googie

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174

Mincho

明朝体 / 19th century– / Style / Japanese Type

把楷书骨架规整为适合雕刻的横细竖粗——连同它的鱼鳞衬线，至今仍支撑着日文正文排版。

横细竖粗 / 鱼鳞（uroko）衬线 / 源自楷书的骨架 / 稳定的版面灰度

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适用场景: Setting long-form Japanese in books and magazines；A formal, quiet Japanese voice
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Motoki Shōzō / the Tokyo Tsukiji Type Foundry / electrotype matrix making
相关词条: Japanese Gothic / Letterpress

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175

Japanese Gothic — 中ゴシックBBB書体見本（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Japanese Gothic

ゴシック体 / late 19th century– / Style / Japanese Type

笔画近乎均一的日文无衬线体：为标题强调而生，后来长成了屏幕上的正文字体。

笔画均一 / 没有鱼鳞衬线 / 高辨识度 / 适合屏幕显示

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Not a translation of the Latin sans. Note the kana skeleton and kanji density — problems specific to Japanese.
延伸阅读: Tsukiji's early gothics / Ishii Gothic / Hiragino Kaku Gothic and Yu Gothic
相关词条: Mincho / Neo-grotesque Sans

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176

Phototypesetting — 写真植字機 MC-6（CC BY 4.0）

Phototypesetting

写真植字 / 1924–1990s / Technique / Composition Technology

以镜头与玻璃字模排版、用光学方式印出字母——带来了金属活字从不允许的紧排、变形与顺滑轮廓。

用镜头放大与缩小 / 紧密的字间距 / 压缩、拉伸、倾斜 / 顺滑的轮廓

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适用场景: Reading the lettering of late-Shōwa ads and magazines；Understanding pre-digital composition's freedoms and limits
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ishii Mokichi and Morisawa Nobuo / Shaken's typeface program / the tight-set look of the 1970s
相关词条: Mincho / Experimental Type

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177

Monospace

モノスペース / 1874– / Style / Type Classification

由打字机机构催生的等宽字母，最终定型为“进行之中”的声音：草稿、表格与代码。

所有字符同一字宽 / i被加宽，m被挤窄 / 机械式节奏 / 未完成之作的气息

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适用场景: Setting code, data and technical documents；A brand voice of honesty and process
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Sholes & Glidden / Courier (Howard Kettler) / the design of coding faces
相关词条: Tech Spec / Pixel Art

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178

Private Press — ケルムスコット・プレス『チョーサー著作集』1896

Private Press

プライベート・プレス / 1891–1930s / Style / Book Arts

回应工业化印刷的运动：字体、纸张、排版与装订统一于同一个理想之下，把书重塑为整体艺术作品。

自制的专用字体 / 手工纸与手动印刷机 / 以跨页为单位设计的页边 / 插图与文字融为一体

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't consume it as an ornamental style. It is a publishing movement with convictions about production, labor and quality.
延伸阅读: Kelmscott Press / Doves Press / Ashendene Press
相关词条: Arts and Crafts / Letterpress

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179

Fashion Plate — 『Journal des Dames et des Modes』1820

Fashion Plate

ファッションプレート / 1770s–1930s / Technique / Fashion History

以手工上色的版画传递最新时装的图像媒介，是杂志、插画与时装画的祖先。

手工上色的线描 / 理想化的姿态 / 描述性的服装画法 / 定期刊行的开本

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Journal des Dames et des Modes / Godey's Lady's Book / the lineage of the fashion magazine
相关词条: Victorian Ornament / Dandyism

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180

Dandyism

ダンディズム / 1790s– / Style / Fashion History

以剪裁、洁净与克制把自身塑造成作品的美学——素净西装的源头，也是通过着装进行自我主张的起点。

完美的剪裁 / 克制的用色 / 白亚麻的洁净 / 对细节的执着

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Not reducible to wearing expensive clothes. The refusal of excess and the discipline of self are the core.
延伸阅读: Beau Brummell / Baudelaire on the dandy / the lineage of Black dandyism
相关词条: La Sape / Fashion Plate

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181

Rational Dress

合理服運動 / 1850s–1900s / Style / Fashion History

拒绝束腰与曳地长裙、从健康与行动自由出发重新设计服装的改革运动——服装中的功能主义。

灯笼裤式服装 / 拒绝束腰胸衣 / 自行车与运动服 / 形式源自功能

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Amelia Bloomer / the Rational Dress Society / dress reform and women's suffrage
相关词条: Arts and Crafts / Flapper

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182

Flapper

フラッパー / 1920s / Style / Fashion History

1920年代的女性形象，以笔直的轮廓、变短的裙摆与齐耳短发把身体的解放变得可见——与装饰艺术的几何同气相求。

笔直的直筒连衣裙 / 波波头短发 / 下移的腰线 / 珠饰与流苏

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Chanel's straight line / the Jazz Age / the moga (modern girl) as contemporary
相关词条: Art Deco / Rational Dress

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183

Meisen Kimono

銘仙 / 1900s–1950s / Style / Modern Japanese Fashion

把大胆的抽象纹样与化学染料的色彩放到廉价絣织技法上的大众和服——日本现代主义把装饰艺术与前卫翻译进了日常穿着。

大幅抽象纹样 / 鲜艳的化学染色 / 絣纹边缘的晕散 / 日常之中的实验

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: The Ashikaga, Isesaki and Chichibu districts / the modern girl and mass consumption / hogushi weaving and combined kasuri
相关词条: Rinpa / Flapper

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184

Zoot Suit

ズートスーツ / 1930s–1940s / Style / Subculture Style

最早的街头风格：肩部极度夸张、裤口收窄的西装，黑人与墨西哥裔美国青年借此在歧视的社会中宣示自身的存在。

夸张的肩线 / 长及膝盖的上衣 / 上宽下窄的长裤 / 长长的怀表链

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never consume it as costume. This dress carries the history of racism and the riots.
延伸阅读: The Zoot Suit Riots, 1943 / pachuco culture / the clash with wartime fabric rationing
相关词条: Harlem Renaissance / Hip-Hop Fashion

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185

New Look

ニュールック / 1947–1950s / Style / Fashion History

在战时的实用主义之后复兴曲线——收紧的腰身与用料充裕的长裙——开启了战后高级定制的黄金时代。

沙漏形轮廓 / 充裕的用料 / 圆润的肩线 / 被重新找回的正式感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Christian Dior, the Bar Suit, 1947 / the end of fabric rationing / the protests against the New Look
相关词条: Luxury Minimal / Space Age Fashion

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186

Teddy Boys

テディボーイズ / 1950s– / Style / Subculture Style

工人阶级青年挪用爱德华时代上流社会的着装——战后英国第一个青年亚文化，也是此后所有亚文化的原型。

长身垂坠上衣 / 细领带 / 绉胶底鞋 / 高高竖起的额发

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Appropriating the Edwardian style / the reception of rock and roll / class and the politics of dress
相关词条: Mod / Punk

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187

Mod

モッズ / late 1950s–1960s / Style / Subculture Style

以精致来反叛——修身的意大利西装、小型摩托与现代爵士——完成了消费主义与青年文化的联姻。

修身的三粒扣西装 / 军用派克大衣 / 小型摩托与后视镜 / 靶心圆标

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Carnaby Street / Quadrophenia / mods versus rockers
相关词条: Pop Art / Teddy Boys

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188

Hippie Style

ヒッピー・スタイル / 1960s–1970s / Style / Subculture Style

以拒绝成衣让反主流文化变得可见——手工、民族服饰与二手衣物混搭——把DIY与折衷主义带进了时装。

手工与刺绣 / 混搭的民族服饰 / 改造过的牛仔 / 长发，回归自然

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: The Summer of Love, 1967 / appropriation questions around folk dress / communes and handwork
相关词条: Psychedelic / Solarpunk

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189

Ivy Style

アイビー・スタイル / 1950s– / Style / Trad

美国东海岸大学的实用男装体系——纽扣领衬衫与西装外套，其“穿旧了的得体”经由日本成为全球trad风格的标准。

纽扣领衬衫 / 3/2卷驳领外套 / 乐福鞋 / 刻意穿得随意

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Take Ivy, 1965 / VAN Jacket and Japanese Ivy / the road to preppy
相关词条: Mod / Normcore

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190

Hip-Hop Fashion — Run-D.M.C. 1984（CC BY 4.0）

Hip-Hop Fashion

ヒップホップ・ファッション / 1970s– / Style / Street Style

布朗克斯的青年文化把运动服与黄金变成自我表达的语言——五十年间从街头走到了奢侈品的中心。

球鞋与运动套装 / 金链子 / 超大廓形 / 被炫耀也被改写的标志

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: The adidas and Run-D.M.C. deal, 1986 / Dapper Dan's logo remakes / the merger with luxury
相关词条: Streetwear / Zoot Suit

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191

Goth Fashion — ウィットビー・ゴス・ウィークエンド（CC BY-SA 2.0）

Goth Fashion

ゴス・ファッション / late 1970s– / Style / Subculture Style

从后朋克音乐中诞生的黑衣美学，借用维多利亚丧服与恐怖电影的符号，把黑暗变成一种共同的风格。

从头黑到脚 / 维多利亚式借用 / 苍白肤色，深色眼妆 / 银饰

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Bauhaus (the band) and the Batcave / Victorian mourning dress / the passage to Gothic Lolita
相关词条: Gothic / Dark Academia

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192

Lolita Fashion — ゴシック・ロリータ原宿（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Lolita Fashion

ロリータ・ファッション / 1980s– / Style / Japanese Street Fashion

参照洛可可与少女文化的日本街头风格，建立起一个为自己、而非为他人目光建构可爱的社群。

钟形裙 / 荷叶边与蕾丝 / 头饰 / 严格的搭配规则

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: The Gothic & Lolita Bible / sweet, gothic and classic Lolita / the debate over the name and the practice
相关词条: Goth Fashion / Decora

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193

Gyaru

ギャル / 1990s– / Style / Japanese Street Fashion

诞生于涩谷的风格，用晒黑的皮肤、漂染的头发与浓妆颠覆校规认可的得体——由杂志与街头共同更新的共同体时尚。

晒黑的肤色 / 明亮的发色 / 着重强调的眼妆 / 涩谷109的店铺文化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: The gyaru magazines egg and Popteen / kogyaru, ganguro, yamanba / gyaru circles and community
相关词条: Y2K / Decora

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194

Decora

デコラ / late 1990s– / Style / Japanese Street Fashion

把大量发夹与玩具般的饰品层层堆叠的原宿风格——极繁主义的具体化，“更多”本身就是设计原则。

成把的发夹 / 层层叠加的饰品 / 高饱和的多色 / 卡通角色周边

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: FRUiTS and Shoichi Aoki / 6%DOKIDOKI / the connection to maximalism
相关词条: Kidcore / Gyaru

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195

La Sape

サプール / 1920s– / Style / Street Style

刚果的“氛围营造者与优雅人士协会”把身着鲜艳西装的完美着装变成一种尊严的实践——以衣着为武器的和平丹迪主义。

鲜艳的三件套西装 / 严格的配色纪律 / 举止与步态 / 日常之中的节庆感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never reduce it to 'poor but wearing luxury.' Verify it as a practice of dignity and nonviolence.
延伸阅读: SAPE (Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes Élégantes) / colonialism and the appropriated suit / codes like the three-color rule
相关词条: Dandyism / Hip-Hop Fashion

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196

Streetwear

ストリートウェア / 1980s– / Style / Street Style

滑板与嘻哈的实用服装获得了限量发售与排队的机制——一种把稀缺本身也纳入设计的新产业原理。

图案T恤与连帽衫 / 居于中心的标志 / 限量发售与长队 / 球鞋文化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: Stüssy and surf-skate / Supreme's drop model / resale markets and authenticity
相关词条: Hip-Hop Fashion / Normcore

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197

Normcore

ノームコア / 2013– / Aesthetic / Anti-style

退出差异化游戏、选择一种能与任何人相连的平常——由K-HOLE概念化，颠倒了时装的话语。

朴素的标准款衣物 / 没有标志 / 刻意的普通 / 从风格中解放

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Not a name for drab clothes. Read the original text as a critique of the differentiation game.
延伸阅读: K-HOLE, Youth Mode, 2013 / the misreading and spread of 'Acting Basic' / the Steve Jobs uniform argument
相关词条: Streetwear / Minimalism

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198

Space Age Fashion — ピエール・カルダン展 2019（CC BY 2.0）

Space Age Fashion

スペースエイジ・ファッション / 1960s / Style / Fashion History

把太空竞赛的乐观翻译成材料实验——金属、塑料与几何裁剪把身体呈现为未来的造物，1960年代高级定制的前卫。

迷你A字廓形 / 金属与塑料 / 头盔与护目镜 / 白色与银色

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and exemplary cases；Extracting principles that transfer beyond dress
字体: Observe the letters and signs of the era and community referred to
版面: Translate silhouette and proportion into composition
材料: Verify the material conditions: cloth, tailoring, the wearer's body
注意: Never peel off the garment's signs alone. Verify who wore it, why, and against what.
延伸阅读: André Courrèges, Moon Girl, 1964 / Paco Rabanne's metal dresses / Pierre Cardin's geometric cuts
相关词条: Space Age Design / New Look

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199

German Expressionist Film — 『カリガリ博士』スチル 1920

German Expressionist Film

ドイツ表現主義映画 / 1919–1927 / Style / Cinematic Visual Styles

把内心状态变成风景本身——扭曲的布景、画上去的阴影、极端的明暗——将“心象风景”带进了电影。

扭曲的布景 / 直接画上的阴影 / 倾斜的构图 / 极端的明暗对照

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Robert Wiene, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari / F. W. Murnau, Nosferatu / the émigré lineage into film noir
相关词条: Film Noir / Expressionism

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200

Soviet Montage

ソビエト・モンタージュ / 1924–1930s / Technique / Cinematic Visual Styles

从对立镜头的碰撞中生成意义的剪辑理论——意义不在画面之中，而在画面与画面之间。

相互碰撞的镜头 / 有节奏的剪接 / 群像对特写 / 插入的象征镜头

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Sergei Eisenstein / the Kuleshov effect / Dziga Vertov, Man with a Movie Camera
相关词条: Constructivism / German Expressionist Film

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201

Silent Film Intertitle — チャップリン『キッド』の字幕カード 1921

Silent Film Intertitle

サイレント映画の字幕カード / 1900s–1920s / Technique / Film Technology

把对白与旁白作为独立的文字卡片剪入影片——电影与字体排印初次相遇的地方。

黑底文字卡 / 装饰性边框 / 手写字体 / 与动作交替的节奏

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The intertitle lettering artists / language-version replacements / the disappearance with sound
相关词条: German Expressionist Film / Kinetic Typography

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202

Technicolor — 『The Toll of the Sea』アンナ・メイ・ウォン 1922

Technicolor

テクニカラー / 1922–1950s / Technique / Film Technology

以分色底片与染料转印把饱和的色彩带进电影，将“比现实更鲜艳的色彩”刻进了影像记忆。

饱和的原色 / 染印法特有的浓度 / 现场色彩指导 / 以色彩区分梦境与现实

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Natalie Kalmus, color supervisor / the color switch of The Wizard of Oz / the permanence of dye-transfer prints
相关词条: Film Noir / Psychedelic

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203

Italian Neorealism — アンナ・マニャーニ『無防備都市』1945

Italian Neorealism

イタリアン・ネオレアリズモ / 1943–1952 / Style / Cinematic Visual Styles

走出摄影棚，在街头拍摄非职业演员，把战后的贫困与日常本身当作主题——站在现实一边的电影。

实景拍摄 / 非职业演员 / 自然光 / 战后的街道

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Roberto Rossellini / Vittorio De Sica / Cesare Zavattini's theory of the everyday
相关词条: French New Wave / Street Photography

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204

French New Wave

ヌーヴェル・ヴァーグ / 1958–1968 / Style / Cinematic Visual Styles

影评人扛起摄影机走上街头——手持镜头、跳接、自我指涉——把电影语法本身变成了游乐场。

手持摄影 / 跳接 / 街头实景 / 关于电影的电影

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Cahiers du Cinéma / the jump cuts of Breathless / Agnès Varda and the Left Bank
相关词条: Italian Neorealism / New Wave

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205

Chiaroscuro

キアロスクーロ / 16th century– / Technique / Painting Techniques

以硬光与深暗雕出形体，让光本身讲述故事——一套自绘画贯穿至黑色电影的语法。

单一光源 / 深沉的暗部 / 被光雕出的形体 / 戏剧性的阴影

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Caravaggio / Rembrandt's lighting / its inheritance by cinematographers
相关词条: Film Noir / Mezzotint

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206

Expressionism

表現主義 / 1905–1930s / Style / Avant-garde

画所感而非所见——扭曲的形体、狂暴的笔触、非自然的色彩，把时代的不安径直推上画面。

扭曲的形体 / 非自然的色彩 / 粗粝的笔触与剪辑 / 都市的不安

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter / the woodcut revival / the 'Degenerate Art' persecution
相关词条: German Expressionist Film / Woodcut

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207

Arabic Calligraphy — クーフィー体のクルアーン写本 8–9世紀

Arabic Calligraphy

アラビア書道 / 7th century– / Style / Calligraphic Traditions

视书写为最高艺术的传统——自库法体到三一体，在法度与手感的张力中锤炼出一种线条的建筑。

建筑般的字形 / 法定书体 / 呼吸般的粗细变化 / 与装饰合一的构成

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ibn Muqla's proportional theory / the Six Scripts / the tughra and official documents
相关词条: Islamic Geometric Pattern / Calligram

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208

Persian Miniature — スルタン・ムハンマド『ゲイユマルスの宮廷』1520年代

Persian Miniature

ペルシア細密画 / 13th–17th century / Style / Persian Art

多视点的空间、宝石般的颜料与毫不犹豫的留白——把诗歌与历史画成书页之内完整的宇宙。

多视点的空间 / 饱和的矿物颜料 / 装饰化的自然 / 文字与图像合一

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp / the Herat and Tabriz schools / Bihzad
相关词条: Mughal Miniature / Arabic Calligraphy

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209

Kalighat Painting

カーリーガート絵画 / 19th century–1930s / Style / Indian Painting

在加尔各答神庙门前批量制作的纪念画——粗壮流畅的轮廓与大胆的省略，用同一支笔画神明，也画世相讽刺。

粗壮流畅的轮廓 / 大胆的省略 / 水彩的透明感 / 神明与讽刺并置

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Kalighat temple market / the influence on Jamini Roy / colonial social satire
相关词条: Madhubani / Mughal Miniature

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210

Madhubani

ミティラー画（マドゥバニ） / traditional–present / Style / Indian Painting

由米蒂拉的女性从墙面与地面带上纸张的节庆绘画——密集的纹样填满每一处空白，神话图像至今仍在生长与更新。

填满画面的纹样 / 双重轮廓线 / 神话的图像 / 天然颜料

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ganga Devi and the named masters / the move from wall to paper (1960s) / the women's lineage of transmission
相关词条: Kalighat Painting / Naïve

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211

Batik

バティック（ジャワ更紗） / traditional–present / Technique / Textile Traditions

爪哇的布料经蜡防染反复上色——蜡壶（canting）拉出的线条，构筑起一套关于身份、地域与礼仪的纹样语言。

蜡防染的冰裂纹 / 蜡壶拉出的线条 / 层层叠染的靛蓝与苏加褐 / 带有语义的纹样体系

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Parang patterns and court restriction / Solo versus Yogyakarta styles / the multicultural coastal batiks
相关词条: Wayang Kulit / Paper Marbling

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212

Wayang Kulit

ワヤン・クリ（影絵芝居） / traditional–present / Style / Southeast Asian Performing Arts

爪哇的皮影戏，镂空皮偶映在灯火与幕布之间——把轮廓、剪影与程式化的侧脸锤炼成一套完整的造型语言。

镂空的皮偶 / 程式化的侧脸 / 影子与光源 / 通宵达旦的演出

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The dalang's craft / adaptations of the Mahabharata / shadow play as animation's prehistory
相关词条: Batik / Silent Film Intertitle

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213

Kente

ケンテ / 17th century– / Style / Textile Traditions

加纳阿散蒂人与埃维人的条织布，每一种颜色与纹样都有名字与含义——穿上它，本身就是一种表态。

缝合成布的织条 / 高明度的金、红、绿 / 有名字的纹样 / 礼仪场合的服装

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Asante court and cloth rank / the naming system of patterns / diaspora reception and debates over wearing
相关词条: Adinkra / Bogolanfini

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214

Adinkra

アディンクラ / 19th century– / Style / Symbol Systems

阿肯人的符号体系，把谚语压缩成图形——用葫芦印章印在布上，一形一义，是一套可以使用的图形语言。

承载谚语的图形 / 葫芦印章印制 / 重复的网格 / 丧仪与礼俗之布

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Gye Nyame and Sankofa / the mapping of proverb to sign / reuse in contemporary identity
相关词条: Kente / Isotype

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215

Bogolanfini

ボゴランフィニ（泥染布） / traditional–present / Technique / Textile Traditions

马里班巴拉人以发酵河泥描绘的布——铁质与植物染料反应，生成黑与米白的几何，其中承载着故事与护佑。

泥染的黑与米白 / 手绘的几何 / 讲述故事的符号 / 每一块布都独一无二

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Women's transmission in the San region / Chris Seydou and modernization / fashion's borrowings and giving back
相关词条: Kente / Arts and Crafts

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216

Ndebele House Painting — ンデベレの壁画建築（CC BY 4.0）

Ndebele House Painting

ンデベレの家壁画 / 1940s– / Style / Mural Traditions

恩德贝莱女性画在自家墙面上的高彩度几何——不用尺规的直线，让住宅本身成为抵抗与身份的旗帜。

徒手拉出的直线 / 黑色轮廓与原色 / 铺满整面墙的几何 / 女性代代相传的手艺

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Esther Mahlangu and the BMW Art Car / a visual answer to forced removal / patterns shared with beadwork
相关词条: De Stijl / Mexican Muralism

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217

Azulejo

アズレージョ / 15th century– / Style / Architectural Ornament

葡萄牙的蓝白瓷砖作为建筑的皮肤——把叙事、地图与装饰向街道敞开，让城市本身成为一块可读的图版。

蓝白瓷砖 / 满墙高的叙事画板 / 重复的纹样 / 与建筑融为一体

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Mudéjar lineage / the story panels of São Bento station / tiles and the post-earthquake city
相关词条: Islamic Geometric Pattern / Stained Glass

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218

Papel Picado

パペル・ピカド / 19th century– / Technique / Festival Crafts

墨西哥的节庆手艺，一次凿刻数十张薄棉纸——纤细的镂空透光透风，以同样的轻盈承载庆典与追思。

凿刀凿出的镂空 / 薄棉纸串旗 / 穿透而过的光与风 / 节庆与亡灵节

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The workshops of San Salvador Huixcolotla / the Day of the Dead altar / the lineage from Aztec amate paper
相关词条: Pochoir / Stained Glass

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219

Title Sequence — ソール・バス『スパルタカス』タイトルロゴ 1960

Title Sequence

タイトルシーケンス / 1955– / Motion / Title Design

把影片开场的数分钟设计成一件独立的作品——图形、文字与音乐同步，在故事之前先概括主题。索尔·巴斯重新定义了片头：它是序章，而非预告。

剪纸般的图形 / 与音乐同步的文字 / 被压缩的主题 / 独立于正片的作品

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't make it ornament unrelated to the film. Only the structure that summarizes the theme survives as style.
延伸阅读: Saul Bass, The Man with the Golden Arm / Maurice Binder's 007 openings / Kyle Cooper, Se7en
相关词条: Kinetic Typography / Silent Film Intertitle

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220

Motion Graphics

モーショングラフィックス / 1958– / Motion / Computational Expression

沿时间轴设计图形、文字与照片的领域。约翰·惠特尼用改装的军用模拟计算机打响第一枪，而他的公司名——Motion Graphics Inc.——就此成了这门学科的名字。

沿时间轴的版面 / 变形与重复的图形 / 运动中的文字 / 与声音同步

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't dilute it into 'graphics that move.' The core is the intent to typeset time itself.
延伸阅读: John Whitney, Catalog (1961) / the Vertigo spiral (with Saul Bass) / the democratization after After Effects
相关词条: Title Sequence / Kinetic Typography

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221

Cartoon Modern

カートゥーン・モダン / 1943–1959 / Style / Animation Styles

UPA的动画师舍弃迪士尼式的立体写实，转向平涂色块、简化的线条与程式化的动作，把世纪中叶的平面感受带进了动画。

平涂的色块 / 省略的轮廓线 / 作为形状的角色 / 抽象的背景

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: John Hubley / Gerald McBoing-Boing (1950) / Amid Amidi, Cartoon Modern
相关词条: Limited Animation / Mid-Century Modern

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Limited Animation

リミテッド・アニメーション / 1940s– / Technique / Animation Styles

刻意减少张数，把定格、循环与局部作画当作风格来用。UPA将其确立为一种美学，电视与日本的商业动画又把它发展成各自的语法。

极少的中间张 / 被善加利用的定格 / 局部作画 / 程式化的动作

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't read 'fewer drawings' as corner-cutting. See the design that turned constraint into style.
延伸阅读: UPA's production system / Hanna-Barbera's TV grammar / Osamu Tezuka, Astro Boy
相关词条: Cartoon Modern / Cel Animation

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223

Cel Animation — ウィンザー・マッケイ『ルシタニア号の沈没』セル 1918

Cel Animation

セル・アニメーション / 1915–1990s / Technique / Animation Techniques

只把运动的部分画在透明赛璐珞片上，再叠放于静止背景之上的分工技术。它定义了商业动画近一个世纪的产业结构。

层叠的透明赛璐珞 / 均匀的上色 / 与运动分离的背景 / 描线的墨线

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Earl Hurd's 1915 patent / Havoc in Heaven, Shanghai Animation Film Studio / the transition to digital ink and paint
相关词条: Limited Animation / Rotoscope

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224

Stop Motion

ストップモーション / 1898– / Technique / Animation Techniques

逐格移动人偶与模型，赋予物质以生命。手工留下的细微颤动与真实材质的存在感，仍是CG无法取代的魅力。

逐格拍摄 / 真实的模型与质感 / 一丝细微的颤动 / 微缩场景的布光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Willis O'Brien / Ray Harryhausen / Laika and Aardman today
相关词条: Cel Animation / Rotoscope

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225

Rotoscope

ロトスコープ / 1915– / Technique / Animation Techniques

逐格描摹真人实拍的画面。由弗莱舍兄弟申请专利，它把实拍的重量与手绘的自由混合成一种独特的抖动线条。

来自实拍的动作 / 抖动的轮廓 / 有重量的身体 / 介于影像与手绘之间

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Fleischer brothers / a-ha, Take On Me / Richard Linklater, Waking Life
相关词条: Cel Animation / Stop Motion

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226

Visual Music

ヴィジュアル・ミュージック / 1920s– / Motion / Experimental Film

把音乐结构翻译成抽象形状、色彩与运动的艺术——从色彩风琴到抽象动画，再到今天的视听作品，是一条用眼睛聆听的谱系。

运动中的抽象形体 / 色彩的和弦 / 声与形的对位 / 没有叙事

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Oskar Fischinger / Mary Ellen Bute / Thomas Wilfred's lumia
相关词条: Direct Animation / Motion Graphics

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227

Direct Animation

ダイレクト・アニメーション / 1935– / Technique / Experimental Film

不用摄影机制作影片——直接在胶片上画、刮、贴，让材料本身成为笔触与节奏。

在胶片上手绘 / 刮擦的痕迹 / 无视格与格的连续 / 颜料的物理斑块

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Len Lye, A Colour Box (1935) / Norman McLaren / Stan Brakhage, Mothlight
相关词条: Visual Music / Photogram

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228

Slit-Scan

スリットスキャン / 1968– / Technique / Film Technology

让相机或被摄体运动，透过一道狭缝长时间曝光，把空间与时间拉伸进同一幅画面——《2001太空漫游》的星门段落把它写进了电影史。

拉成条纹的光 / 无尽延伸的平面 / 被转化为空间的时间 / 机械控制的曝光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Douglas Trumbull / the Doctor Who titles / its kinship with photo-finish cameras
相关词条: Bullet Time / Psychedelic

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229

Bullet Time

バレットタイム / 1999– / Technique / Film Technology

一列弧形排布的静止相机同时或依次击发：时间几近停止，唯有视点在移动。《黑客帝国》让虚拟摄影机的概念广为人知。

被冻结的时间 / 移动的视点 / 相机排成的弧线 / 实拍与插值的混合

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't confuse it with the flash of slow motion. The heart is the separation of time from viewpoint.
延伸阅读: John Gaeta / Tim Macmillan's time-slice work / the lineage into virtual production
相关词条: Slit-Scan / Cyberpunk

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230

Chroma Key — グリーンバックでの撮影現場（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Chroma Key

クロマキー / 1930s– / Technique / Film Technology

把某一种颜色抠成透明，再将画面叠到另一层之上——从光学蓝幕、BBC的CSO，到今天的绿幕与虚拟演播室，是合成的基础。

单色背景 / 抠像的边缘 / 被分离出的前景 / 为合成而设计的布光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Larry Butler's optical blue screen / BBC CSO dramas / the replacement by LED volumes
相关词条: Technicolor / Bullet Time

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231

Test Card — SMPTE RP219 カラーバー（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Test Card

テストパターン / 1934– / Style / Broadcast Design

为校准与休播时段播出的测试画面。彩条、栅格、同心圆与肤色参考图——工程上的必需，却成了一代人共同记忆中的公共几何图形。

彩条 / 同心圆与栅格 / 肤色参考图 / 波形测试图案

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Test Card F and Carole Hersee / PM5544 and FuBK / the standards history of SMPTE bars
相关词条: Channel Ident / Blueprint

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232

Film Leader

フィルムリーダー / 1930s– / Style / Film Technology

为对位与检修而做的拷贝片头倒计时：反向的文字、打孔标记、从8数到2的数字——纯粹的功能，却成了“电影要开始了”的文化符号。

倒计时数字 / 同步标记与打孔 / 检修用的文字 / 划痕与闪烁

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Academy and SMPTE universal leaders / the opening of Persona / its reuse in grunge graphics
相关词条: Test Card / Title Sequence

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233

Channel Ident

チャンネル・イデント / 1982– / Motion / Broadcast Design

电视台的脸：把台标做成几秒钟的动态影像。兰比-奈恩为Channel 4设计的飞行方块，成了CG台标与广播品牌化的起点。

数秒完成的一部短片 / 被立体化与变形的标志 / 反复出现的母题 / 被人格化的频道性格

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Channel 4 blocks, 1982 / BBC Two's '2' series, 1991 / the British lineage of ident culture
相关词条: Test Card / MTV Graphics

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234

MTV Graphics

MTVグラフィックス / 1981– / Motion / Broadcast Design

一种拒绝固定企业色的识别：只保留M的形状，表面则无止境地重新涂改。曼哈顿设计事务所的标志系统，把“以变化本身作为一致性”带进了电视。

形状固定，表面可变 / 涂鸦与拼贴 / 数秒长的ID短片 / 对音乐文化的引用

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Manhattan Design / Fred Seibert's commissioning philosophy / the precedent for dynamic identities
相关词条: Channel Ident / New Wave

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235

Scanimate

スキャニメイト / 1969–1980s / Technique / Broadcast Design

以电子方式实时扭曲显像管图像的模拟视频合成器——1970至80年代电视里那些发光、飞行、起伏的标志真正的源头，也是数字时代之前业界的运动引擎。

发光的轮廓 / 电子式的起伏 / 彩虹般的辉光 / 扫描线的质感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Computer Image Corporation / Dave Sieg's preservation work / the modern reappraisal of analog wobble
相关词条: MTV Graphics / Synthwave

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236

Video Synthesis

ビデオ・シンセシス / 1969– / Technique / Video Art

像演奏乐器一样生成并调制视频信号本身。白南准与阿部修也的合成器把电视机从接收器变成素材，开辟了录像艺术的技术地基。

被调制的信号 / 反馈形成的漩涡 / 被可视化的波形 / 被挪作他用的电视机

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Paik-Abe video synthesizer / Steina and Woody Vasulka / modular video synthesis today
相关词条: Scanimate / Glitch

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237

Datamosh

データモッシュ / 2005– / Technique / Digital Image Techniques

故意破坏视频的关键帧，让前一幅画面被后续的运动拖曳、熔化——把压缩算法的内部结构变成一种美学。

熔化流淌的画面 / 宏块的碎屑 / 拖着像素跑的运动矢量 / 被暴露的压缩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Kanye West, Welcome to Heartbreak / Chairlift, Evident Utensil / staged degradation in the high-resolution era
相关词条: Glitch / VHS Aesthetic

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238

VHS Aesthetic

VHS美学 / 1980s–2000s / 2010s revival / Aesthetic / Analog Video

扫描线、跟踪噪波、溢出的色彩与时间码叠加：家用录像媒介的劣化与屏显，被风格化为“被录下的记忆”的质感。

扫描线与噪点 / 溢出的色度 / REC与时间码叠加 / 跟踪失调的扭曲

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: analog horror / recreated camcorder OSDs / Stranger Things-style retro staging
相关词条: Vaporwave / Datamosh

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239

Palladianism

パッラーディオ主義 / 1550s– / 17th–18th century revival / Style / Historical Styles

帕拉第奥从罗马古典中提炼出的别墅公式——比例、神庙式门廊、严格的对称——经《建筑四书》传入英国与美国，成为公共建筑“正确面孔”的原型。

神庙式门廊 / 严格的对称 / 由比例推出的平面 / 居中的穹顶

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Four Books of Architecture, 1570 / Inigo Jones / Anglo-American Palladianism
相关词条: Baroque / Beaux-Arts

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240

Baroque

バロック / 1600–1750 / Style / Historical Styles

以椭圆、曲面、戏剧性的光线与丰盛的装饰把观者卷入其中的总体艺术风格——将建筑、雕塑、绘画与城市规划当作一场演绎权力与信仰的整体表演。

椭圆与曲面 / 戏剧性的光 / 错觉透视的天顶画 / 与雕塑融为一体的建筑

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Bernini and Borromini / the visual strategy of the Counter-Reformation / Baroque urban planning
相关词条: Rococo / Chiaroscuro

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241

Rococo

ロココ / 1730s–1770s / Style / Historical Styles

把巴洛克的宏大转向室内的亲密：贝壳般的曲线、浅淡的色彩与不对称的装饰，构成一处步履轻盈的社交空间。这是装饰首次挣脱建筑、跃居主导地位的风格之一。

洛卡耶的贝壳曲线 / 浅淡的粉彩色 / 不对称装饰 / 白金相间的镜厅

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Cuvilliés's Amalienburg / the Hôtel de Soubise / the 19th-century Rococo revival
相关词条: Baroque / Chinoiserie

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242

Beaux-Arts

ボザール様式 / 1830s–1920s / Style / Historical Styles

巴黎美术学院所教授的古典学院派综合：宏大的轴线、雕塑性的装饰与仪式性的空间序列，覆盖在现代的铁与玻璃结构之上，赋予现代城市以公共面孔——车站、博物馆、银行。

宏大的轴线与大楼梯 / 综合化的古典柱式 / 雕塑性的装饰 / 石材包裹铁结构

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Charles Garnier / the 1893 Chicago World's Fair / McKim, Mead & White
相关词条: Palladianism / Art Deco

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243

Prairie School

プレーリー・スクール / 1893–1920s / Style / Modern Architecture

回应中西部大草原的水平线建筑：深远的挑檐、带形窗、低缓的屋顶与连续的室内——第一种摆脱欧洲舶来样式的美国现代住宅。

强调水平线 / 深远出挑的屋檐 / 带形窗 / 低伏的屋顶

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Frank Lloyd Wright / Louis Sullivan / the Wasmuth Portfolio's influence on Europe
相关词条: Organic Architecture / Arts and Crafts

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244

Expressionist Architecture — メンデルゾーンアインシュタイン塔（CC BY-SA 3.0）

Expressionist Architecture

表現主義建築 / 1910s–1920s / Style / Modern Architecture

以雕塑般的曲面与砖砌细部言说情感与象征的建筑——门德尔松的流线、阿姆斯特丹学派起伏的集合住宅——现代主义的另一条道路，未被功能主义吸收。

雕塑般的曲面体量 / 富于表现力的砖砌 / 水晶与有机的母题 / 手工打造的细部

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Erich Mendelsohn / Michel de Klerk / Bruno Taut's glass visions
相关词条: German Expressionist Film / Organic Architecture

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245

Deutscher Werkbund

ドイツ工作連盟 / 1907–1938 / 1950– / Style / Modern Design Movements

艺术家与产业结成的同盟，把工业制品的品质与形式变成一项国家工程。贝伦斯为AEG所做的工作预示了企业设计；魏森霍夫住宅展则成为现代主义的陈列室。

标准化与品质并重 / 艺术与产业结盟 / 企业识别的雏形 / 实验性的住宅展

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Peter Behrens / Hermann Muthesius / the standardization debate (Muthesius vs. van de Velde)
相关词条: Bauhaus / Arts and Crafts

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246

Wiener Werkstätte

ウィーン工房 / 1903–1932 / Style / Modern Design Movements

霍夫曼与莫泽的工坊，以同一种几何、同一套工艺标准设计从建筑到家具、餐具与时装的一切——以商业工坊的方式实践总体艺术。

方形与网格 / 黑白对比 / 奢华的手工艺 / 被设计的整个生活

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Josef Hoffmann / Koloman Moser / Klimt's Stoclet Frieze
相关词条: Vienna Secession / Arts and Crafts

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247

Garden City

田園都市 / 1898– / Layout / Urban Planning

霍华德以图解提出的自足城镇方案：人口有计划，兼得城市与乡村之利。同心圆图解在莱奇沃思落地，并成为世界各地郊区与新城的范本。

同心圆图解 / 以绿带分隔 / 计划的人口规模 / 职住相邻

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ebenezer Howard / Letchworth and Welwyn / its influence on Den-en-chōfu in Japan
相关词条: Arts and Crafts / International Style

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248

Case Study Houses

ケース・スタディ・ハウス / 1945–1966 / Style / Modern Architecture

《艺术与建筑》杂志为应对战后住房短缺而委托的实验住宅计划：以现成构件建成的钢与玻璃住宅，让面向加州气候敞开的明亮现代生活形象深入人心。

钢与玻璃的轻盈 / 室内向室外流动 / 现成的标准构件 / 水平舒展的开放平面

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Charles and Ray Eames / Pierre Koenig / Julius Shulman's photographs
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / International Style

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249

Brutalist Architecture

ブルータリズム建築 / 1950s–1970s / Style / Modern Architecture

战后公共建筑的伦理：让粗野的清水混凝土——béton brut——如实显现，既不掩饰结构，也不掩饰设备。它与福利国家的理想相连，如今则成为保护运动的对象。

裸露的清水混凝土 / 厚重的体量 / 外露的结构 / 重复的单元

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Le Corbusier's béton brut / the Smithsons' New Brutalism / demolition and the preservation movement
相关词条: Brutalism / International Style

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250

Shaker Design — ハンコック・シェーカー村の円形石造納屋（CC0）

Shaker Design

シェーカー・デザイン / 1780s–1900s / Style / Furniture and Interiors

美国震教徒社群把朴素作为信仰来实践：摒弃装饰，家具与房间在使用与诚实的手艺中臻于完善——功能主义与斯堪的纳维亚设计的先声。

彻底摒弃装饰 / 带挂钉横木的墙面 / 轻盈而精确的家具 / 以劳作趋近完美

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the doctrine that beauty rests in utility / its influence on Danish furniture / George Nelson's reappraisal
相关词条: Minimalism / Arts and Crafts

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251

Bentwood (Thonet)

曲木家具（トーネット） / 1859– / Technique / Furniture and Interiors

托内特的14号椅把蒸汽弯曲的榉木简化为寥寥数件：第一件工业家具，拆件装运、批量生产——理性的构件与优雅的曲线兼得，常被称作设计的原点。

蒸汽弯曲的曲线 / 简化为极少的零件 / 拆件装运 / 轻盈与量产

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Michael Thonet / six parts and ten screws / its adoption by Le Corbusier
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Bauhaus

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252

Sukiya Style

数寄屋 / 16th century– / Style / Traditional Japanese Architecture

由茶道美学孕育的轻盈而不拘格式的住宅样式：纤细的柱、留皮的木材、土墙与穿过障子的光，让材料的天性与留白成为房间的品质。桂离宫成为现代主义的朝圣地。

纤细的柱与轻盈的屋顶 / 留皮木材与土墙 / 障子的漫射光 / 与庭园的连续

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Katsura Imperial Villa / Bruno Taut's 'discovery' / Isoya Yoshida's modern sukiya
相关词条: Minimalism / Japonisme

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253

Italian Bel Design

イタリアン・ベル・デザイン / 1950s–1970s / Style / Postwar Industrial Design

战后意大利工业产品的黄金时代：产业与设计师为功能主义注入情感与雕塑般的存在感——卡斯迪格利奥尼的灯具、奥利维蒂的机器，把产品当作文化输出。

雕塑般的产品 / 大胆的色彩与机智 / 企业与设计师的结盟 / 材料实验

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Achille Castiglioni / Ettore Sottsass / the Compasso d'Oro
相关词条: Memphis / Space Age Design

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254

Ulm School (HfG Ulm)

ウルム造形大学 / 1953–1968 / Style / Postwar Industrial Design

由马克斯·比尔创立、作为包豪斯继承者的这所学院，把设计重新定义为科学、方法与系统。它与博朗的合作，使功能主义的面貌成为世界标准。

方法与系统 / 网格与模数 / 排除装饰 / 作为科学的设计

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Max Bill / Tomás Maldonado / Braun and Dieter Rams
相关词条: Bauhaus / Swiss

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255

Latin American Modernism — バラガン自邸（CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO）

Latin American Modernism

ラテンアメリカ近代建築 / 1940s–1980s / Style / Modern Architecture

拉丁美洲的现代建筑以在地的色彩、光线与情感改写了国际式——巴拉甘的彩墙与水面、尼迈耶的曲线，证明现代主义同样能承载一个地区的情感。

浓烈色彩的墙面 / 被安排的光与水 / 厚墙与静谧 / 扎根于地方的现代主义

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Luis Barragán / Oscar Niemeyer / the 'architecture of emotion'
相关词条: International Style / Tropical Modernism

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256

Parametricism

パラメトリシズム / 2008– / Style / Modern Architecture

以所有要素之间连续的参数关系来组织建筑的风格——流动的曲面与渐变的变化。由舒马赫命名，并在扎哈·哈迪德建筑事务所的作品中全面实践。

连续的曲面 / 渐变的变化 / 相互适配的要素 / 直角的缺席

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't quote the curved forms alone. The parametric correlation of elements is the definition itself.
延伸阅读: Patrik Schumacher / Zaha Hadid / the lineage of computational design
相关词条: Deconstructivism / High-Tech Architecture

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257

Chinoiserie

シノワズリ / 17th–18th century / Style / Cross-cultural Reception

欧洲想象中的中国：对进口瓷器与漆器的向往，铺展为壁纸、家具与园中的宝塔，并与洛可可的轻盈相接。它应被读作由欲望而非描述生成的装饰世界。

幻想中的东方母题 / 宝塔与格栅 / 漆器与瓷器的质感 / 连续展开的壁纸场景

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reuse it as innocent exoticism. Handle the distance between image and reality, including the history of appropriation.
延伸阅读: export lacquer and porcelain / the Royal Pavilion at Brighton / the critique of Orientalism
相关词条: Japonisme / Rococo

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258

Vernacular Architecture

ヴァナキュラー建築 / prehistory– / Style / Architectural Thought

没有建筑师的营造，生长自在地的材料、气候与习俗。自鲁道夫斯基在纽约现代艺术博物馆的展览将其呈现为“没有家谱的建筑”以来，它便成为气候适应与可持续性的教科书。

在地的材料 / 对气候的回应 / 匿名性与重复的类型 / 作为整体形态的聚落

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Bernard Rudofsky / Hassan Fathy / climate, place and contemporary architecture
相关词条: Organic Architecture / Tropical Modernism

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259

Schematic Transit Diagram

スキーマティック路線図 / 1933– / Layout / Information Design

舍弃地理精度，只用水平、垂直与45度的线，并让站点等距排列。贝克1933年的伦敦地铁图确立了这一形式，使之成为全世界交通线路图的共同语言。

线条限于45度 / 等距排列的站点 / 以颜色区分线路 / 脱离地理

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Harry Beck / the idea borrowed from circuit diagrams / the Vignelli New York subway map controversy
相关词条: Isotype / Pictogram System

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260

Pictogram System

案内用ピクトグラム / 1964– / Style / Information Design

不依赖语言即可指称设施与行为的统一符号系统。1964年东京系统化了运动与导视符号；AIGA/DOT的交通符号集则成为进入公有领域的世界标准。

几何化的人形 / 统一的线宽 / 作为系统的一致性 / 不依赖语言

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Masaru Katzumie and Tokyo 1964 / Otl Aicher's Munich 1972 / AIGA/DOT, 1974
相关词条: Isotype / Schematic Transit Diagram

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261

Hatsusaburō Panoramic Map — 吉田初三郎『伊勢名所図会』

Hatsusaburō Panoramic Map

初三郎式鳥瞰図 / 1913–1950s / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

由吉田初三郎臻于完善的观光鸟瞰图样式：极度弯曲的地平线、被夸张的地标，以及把远方城市一并拉入同一张纸的视野，把大正与昭和年间的旅行变成图绘地图。

弯曲的地平线 / 被夸张的地标 / 极端广角的视野 / 绘画性的色彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hatsusaburō Yoshida / the studio called the Taishō Hiroshige / the media history of tourism and railways
相关词条: Schematic Transit Diagram / Postwar Japanese Poster

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262

White Cube

ホワイトキューブ / 1930s– / Style / Exhibition Design

白墙、均匀的光线与朴素无饰的房间，把作品孤立出来。它由现代艺术博物馆确立为标准，又被奥多尔蒂的批评揭穿为伪装成中立的制度——至今仍是当代艺术展示的默认设置。

白色的墙面 / 均匀的照明 / 被孤立的作品 / 被抹去的语境

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Brian O'Doherty, Inside the White Cube / MoMA's display conventions / the reaction of alternative spaces
相关词条: Minimalism / Salon Hang

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263

Wunderkammer

驚異の部屋 / 16th–18th century / Style / Exhibition Design

近代早期的收藏之室，把自然物与人造物、标本与艺术不加区分地堆聚一处。自地面到天花板的密度，指向一个世界的微缩宇宙——博物馆与收藏美学的祖先。

堆叠至天花板 / 自然与人造混陈 / 先于分类的惊奇 / 收藏者的宇宙

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ole Worm / the collections of Rudolf II / Wunderkammer restagings in contemporary art
相关词条: Salon Hang / Maximalism

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264

Salon Hang

サロン掛け / 1667–19th century / Layout / Exhibition Design

巴黎沙龙把画作画框贴着画框、自地面堆到天花板的挂法。高度昭示位次，观看因而成为竞争与交际——正是白立方所反抗的那个源头。

自地面堆到天花板 / 密集的画框 / 以位置定高下 / 整面墙被用尽

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Paris Salon / hanging 'on the line' / the Salon des Refusés, 1863
相关词条: White Cube / Wunderkammer

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265

Habitat Diorama

ハビタット・ジオラマ / 1889– / Style / Exhibition Design

自然史博物馆的展示形式，把剥制标本、真实的前景与弧形背景画融合为一片栖息地的切片。埃克利把它提升为一门艺术，它也成为沉浸式展示的原型。

弧形的背景画 / 抹去实物与绘画之间的接缝 / 被冻结的生态瞬间 / 供人窥看的窗口

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Carl Akeley / the background painters' craft / the lineage into immersive exhibition
相关词条: Panorama / Wunderkammer

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266

Panorama

パノラマ館 / 1787–1900s / Style / Exhibition Design

19世纪的沉浸机器：巨幅绘画环绕圆形厅堂的整面内壁，观众立于正中。照明与真实的前景抹去了画面的边缘——电影出现之前视觉大众娱乐的顶峰。

360度的绘画 / 居中的观景台 / 抹去边界的前景 / 受控的自然光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Robert Barker's 1787 patent / Mesdag's The Hague / its return in immersive digital exhibitions
相关词条: Habitat Diorama / White Cube

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267

Neon Signage

ネオンサイン / 1912–1990s / revival / Style / Signage and Display

以弯曲的玻璃管发光成字与图的商业招牌样式。香港横跨街道的汉字招牌与拉斯维加斯不断升级的灯光大战，构筑了各自城市的夜间视觉语言。

弯曲玻璃管的线条 / 夜空中发光的文字 / 向马路挑出的招牌 / 闪烁与流动的光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hong Kong's neon masters / the Neon Museum, Las Vegas / LED replacement and preservation
相关词条: Googie / Cyberpunk

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268

Ghost Signs

ゴーストサイン / 1880s–1950s / rediscovery / Style / Signage and Display

手绘于砖墙、被风雨侵蚀而褪色的广告。被称作“wall dogs”的匠人所写的字体，在剥落与褪色之中，正作为城市记忆的一个地层被重新发现。

颜料直接涂上砖面 / 褪色与剥落 / 匠人手写的字体 / 层层叠加的重绘

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the wall dogs' craft / the archaeology of overpainted layers / the preservation vs. faux-retro debate
相关词条: Neon Signage / Victorian Ornament

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269

Supergraphics

スーパーグラフィックス / 1966–1970s / Style / Signage and Display

尺度大到溢出墙面的环境图形，让几何形与文字沿着建筑转折，直接改变空间知觉本身。索罗门在海崖牧场把瑞士字体排印与加州式的大胆熔于一炉。

跨越建筑的形状 / 转过转角的文字 / 大面积的原色色块 / 被操控的知觉

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Barbara Stauffacher Solomon / The Sea Ranch / the lineage into environmental graphic design
相关词条: Swiss / Googie

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270

Circus Poster

サーカスポスター / 1870s–1930s / Style / Advertising Posters

把彩色石版印刷与木活字掷向最大化的宣称与过载场面的演出海报样式——包括把整面墙贴满的做法——一种把城市变成剧场的广告。

饱和的彩色石版印刷 / 被夸张的动物与杂技演员 / 最高级的口号 / 密不透风的构图

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Strobridge Lithographing Company / billposting wars / wood-type show typography
相关词条: Victorian Ornament / Ghost Signs

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271

Light and Space

ライト・アンド・スペース / 1960s– / Style / Perceptual Art

南加州的艺术运动，把光本身、空间知觉与视觉的极限当作材料。特瑞尔面向天空的开口与欧文的纱幕，让“看”这一行为本身成为作品。

被抹去的物体 / 被光充满的房间 / 知觉的阈限 / 通向天空的开口

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: James Turrell / Robert Irwin / the Pacific Standard Time exhibitions
相关词条: Op Art / Minimalism

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272

Modernist Exhibition Design

モダニズム展示デザイン / 1920s–1940s / Style / Exhibition Design

把展览设计成可以走进去的印刷品的现代主义运动。利西茨基富于动势的空间与拜耶扩张的视野，发明了一种编辑观众路径与视线的信息空间式展示。

被编排的动线 / 倾斜的展板 / 巨幅尺度的摄影 / 包裹视野的构图

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: El Lissitzky's Pressa, 1928 / Herbert Bayer's field-of-vision diagrams / Lilly Reich's material displays
相关词条: Constructivism / Bauhaus

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273

Ballets Russes — バクスト『レ・ゾリアンタル』舞台美術 1910

Ballets Russes

バレエ・リュス / 1909–1929 / Style / Stage Design

佳吉列夫的舞团让艺术家成为明星：巴克斯特饱和的色彩与东方情调，毕加索与冈察洛娃的前卫，从舞台流入时装与设计。

饱和的色彩 / 东方情调的服装 / 由画家创作的舞台 / 作为总体艺术的演出

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Léon Bakst / Sergei Diaghilev / its influence on 1920s fashion
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Art Deco

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274

Bauhaus Stage

バウハウスの舞台 / 1921–1929 / Style / Stage Design

施莱默的舞台工坊把身体翻译成几何。《三元芭蕾》服装上的球体与锥体，让人作为空间中的形态起舞——行为艺术的原点。

被几何化的身体 / 球体与锥体构成的服装 / 以色彩划分的三幕 / 作为空间图形的编舞

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Oskar Schlemmer / the Bauhaus stage workshop / restagings in contemporary performance
相关词条: Bauhaus / Constructivist Stage

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275

Constructivist Stage

構成主義舞台美術 / 1922–1930s / Style / Stage Design

革命时期俄国的样式：舍弃绘制的背景幕，代之以舞台上一台裸露而运转的机器。波波娃为《宽宏大量的乌龟》搭建的旋转构架，把舞台美术改造成真正运作的构造物。

裸露的构架 / 旋转的轮子与坡道 / 没有背景幕 / 演员身体的生物力学

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Lyubov Popova / Meyerhold's biomechanics / Stepanova's stage work
相关词条: Constructivism / Bauhaus Stage

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276

New Stagecraft

新舞台芸術 / 1890s–1930s / Style / Stage Design

舍弃绘景写实主义，转而以光、高差与简单体量为音乐与身体塑造空间的舞台改革。阿庇亚活的光与克雷可移动的屏板，催生了灯光设计这一职业本身。

由光造就的形 / 台阶与坡道构成的抽象空间 / 被驱逐的绘景片 / 简单体量的构成

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Adolphe Appia / Edward Gordon Craig / Robert Edmond Jones
相关词条: Bauhaus Stage / German Expressionist Film

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277

Commedia dell'Arte

コンメディア・デッラルテ / 16th–18th century / Style / Stage Design

意大利的即兴喜剧，用面具与固定的服装让人一眼认出角色。阿莱基诺的菱格、普尔奇内拉的白——一套被艺术、时装与平面设计反复引用的视觉符号系统。

皮革半面具 / 阿莱基诺的菱格纹 / 界定角色类型的服装 / 夸张的形体动作

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Jacques Callot's etchings / Watteau's Pierrot / quotations in Picasso and modern art
相关词条: Kumadori / Circus Poster

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278

Kumadori

隈取 / 1673– / Style / Stage Design

以红与靛的线条夸张肌肉与血管、把角色性格图解在脸上的歌舞伎化妆。它与写乐的役者绘一同，构成日本设计中强烈图形化面孔的源头。

红与靛的隈取线条 / 被画成纹样的肌肉 / 白色的底 / 性格的色彩编码

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ichikawa Danjūrō I / the types and colors of kuma / Sharaku's ōkubi-e portraits
相关词条: Commedia dell'Arte / Ukiyo-e

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279

Beggarstaff Style

ベガースタッフ・スタイル / 1894–1899 / Style / Advertising Posters

尼科尔森与普赖德的剪纸海报风格：舍去轮廓线，以寥寥数色的平面形状概括对象。它在当年商业上并不成功，其激进的简省却预告了20世纪的海报。

平面的剪纸形状 / 被省略的轮廓线 / 少数几色的大色块 / 看似未完成的大胆

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: William Nicholson / James Pryde / its influence on the Sachplakat
相关词条: Plakatstil / Sachplakat / Art Nouveau

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280

ROSTA Windows

ロスタの窓 / 1919–1921 / Style / Printmaking and Social Movements

内战期间罗斯塔通讯社用模版复制、张贴在空置橱窗里的连作海报。马雅可夫斯基等人把新闻变成由简单形状与押韵文字组成的连环画格——快速反应型平面设计的原型。

简单的模版形状 / 分格的叙事 / 红与黑作为信号色 / 押韵的说明文字

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Vladimir Mayakovsky / Mikhail Cheremnykh / the speed of stencil replication
相关词条: Constructivism / Lubok

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281

Lubok

ルボーク / 17th–19th century / Style / Popular Prints

俄罗斯的民间版画：粗重的轮廓、平涂的手工设色，图与文共处一纸，以低廉的代价传播圣徒故事与讽刺。20世纪的先锋派重新发现它，视之为俄罗斯本土的形式。

粗重的轮廓线 / 平涂的手工设色 / 图与文共处一纸 / 讽刺与故事

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Rovinskii's collection / its influence on Neo-primitivism / Larionov and Goncharova
相关词条: ROSTA Windows / Épinal Print

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282

Épinal Print

エピナル版画 / 1796– / Style / Popular Prints

自1796年起由埃皮纳勒的佩尔兰工坊大量印制的民间版画：清晰的轮廓与漏版设色讲述故事、军队与训诫——它塑造大众视觉之深，竟使“image d'Épinal”一语成为美化陈套的代名词。

清晰的轮廓 / 明亮的漏版设色 / 分格叙事 / 训诫与英雄故事

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Pellerin workshop / pochoir stencil coloring / the prehistory of bande dessinée
相关词条: Lubok / Circus Poster

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283

Posada's Calaveras

ポサダのカラベラ / 1880s–1913 / Style / Popular Prints

波萨达为墨西哥单页小报刻制的骷髅讽刺画：盛装打扮的卡拉维拉同时嘲笑阶级与死亡。“卡特里娜”由此成为亡灵节与墨西哥版画的国民图像。

拟人化的骷髅 / 锌版腐蚀的粗犷线条 / 与小报正文同处一纸 / 笑对死亡的讽刺

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: José Guadalupe Posada / the Vanegas Arroyo press / Rivera's rediscovery
相关词条: Mexican Muralism / Épinal Print

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284

Push Pin Style

プッシュピン・スタイル / 1954–1980s / Style / Illustration Styles

格拉泽与克瓦斯特的工作室风格——瑞士理性主义的对位——以插画主导的折衷主义调用历史样式、漫画与民间版画，肥厚的轮廓与装饰性色彩重绘了1960—70年代的杂志与唱片。

折衷的历史样式复兴 / 肥厚的轮廓与装饰性色彩 / 以插画主导的构图 / 机智与引用

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Milton Glaser / Seymour Chwast / the Push Pin Graphic
相关词条: Psychedelic / Victorian Ornament

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285

Grapus

グラピュス / 1970–1991 / Style / Regional Graphics

诞生于1968年五月风暴的法国设计团体：手写涂鸦般的字母、泼溅与涂鸦覆盖在照片之上，为政治、戏剧与市政海报带来节庆般的粗粝——把拒绝精致本身变成了风格。

粗粝的手绘字体 / 泼溅与涂鸦 / 在照片上直接干预 / 匿名的集体署名

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Pierre Bernard / lessons from the Polish poster school / the later Atelier de Création Graphique
相关词条: Polish Poster School / Punk

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286

Swiss Punk Typography

スイス・パンク・タイポグラフィ / 1970s–1980s / Style / Experimental Typography

在瑞士风格的大本营巴塞尔，魏因加特从内部拆解网格：炸开的字距、阶梯状的排版、层层叠加的胶片曝光——纪律内部的反叛，由此催生了新浪潮排版。

被拆解的网格 / 炸开的字距 / 阶梯状的构成 / 多层胶片的肌理

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Wolfgang Weingart / the inheritance through April Greiman / the Basel School of Design
相关词条: Swiss / Punk

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287

Chinese Propaganda Poster

中国プロパガンダ・ポスター / 1949–1980s / Style / Regional Graphics

自建国至文革，中华人民共和国大规模发行的宣传画：年画的民间传统与苏联社会主义现实主义融为一体，化作红太阳、红润的面庞与指向未来的手臂。

红色的主导 / 被理想化的工农形象 / 向上指引的构图 / 源自年画传统的平涂色彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the nianhua tradition / Cultural Revolution image codes / post-reform reuse and kitsch
相关词条: ROSTA Windows / Polish Poster School

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288

Hand-Painted Bollywood Poster

ボリウッド手描きポスター / 1930s–1990s / Style / Regional Graphics

孟买的海报工坊用油彩在巨幅画布上绘制电影广告：饱和的色彩、场景的拼贴、夸张的明星面孔——在数码印刷到来之前的半个世纪里统治着印度的街头。

油画的笔触 / 饱和的色彩 / 夸张的面孔与多重场景 / 手绘的天城体字体

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the workshop system of poster painters / M. F. Husain's apprenticeship / extinction by digital printing and the collecting boom
相关词条: Ghanaian Movie Poster / Circus Poster

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289

Ghanaian Movie Poster

ガーナ手描き映画ポスター / 1980s–2000s / Style / Regional Graphics

加纳画在面粉袋布上的手绘电影海报，为流动放映而作：不受拘束的想象以夸张与本土恐怖重述好莱坞，成就了独一无二的绘画风格。

面粉袋做成的画布 / 被夸张的暴力与肌肉 / 与影片实际内容自由脱节 / 手绘的片名字体

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: mobile cinema exhibition / the poster workshops / the collector market and continuing production
相关词条: Hand-Painted Bollywood Poster / Naïve

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290

Chicha Poster

チチャ・ポスター / 1980s– / Style / Regional Graphics

利马从昆比亚演出中诞生的荧光海报风格：黑底上手工刻出的荧光粉与荧光绿字体，响亮到能从夜班公车上读清——如今被重新认领为安第斯城市移民的美学。

黑底上的荧光色 / 厚重的手绘字体 / 层层叠印的丝网 / 夜间可视度最大化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Elliot Tupac / cumbia chicha music culture / the visual language of urban migrants
相关词条: Psychedelic / Neon Signage

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291

South Asian Truck Art — N-5号線のデコレーション・トラック（FAL）

South Asian Truck Art

南アジアのトラックアート / 1940s– / Style / Signage and Display

巴基斯坦与印度的彩绘卡车：phool patti 花卉纹样、英雄与圣者的肖像、镜片与链条构成的浮凸——让劳作的车辆变成流动的骄傲宫殿。

满铺的花卉纹样 / 肖像与风景的画格 / 镜片、金属与链条的浮凸 / 书法与标语

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the phool patti workshops / Karachi and Rawalpindi regional styles / its entry into the art market
相关词条: Fileteado Porteño / Chicha Poster

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292

Fileteado Porteño

フィレテアード・ポルテーニョ / 1900s– / Technique / Signage and Display

布宜诺斯艾利斯的装饰线绘，生于马车与店招之上：卷曲的莨苕、飘带、花卉与重影字母构成同一套系统——被联合国教科文组织列入名录的都市笔绘手艺。

卷曲的莨苕与飘带 / 带重影的装饰字体 / 对称的边框 / 传统的蓝、金与红

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: its origins among cart painters / the bond with tango culture / today's fileteadores
相关词条: South Asian Truck Art / Ghost Signs

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293

Tingatinga

ティンガティンガ / 1968– / Style / Popular Painting

爱德华·赛义迪·廷加廷加在达累斯萨拉姆用自行车漆开创的画派：光亮的平涂色、粗线勾边的动物、不留空白的背景——由合作社延续下来，成为东非最具代表性的民间绘画。

瓷漆般的光泽 / 粗线勾边的动物 / 平涂的色块 / 填满背景的纹样

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Edward Saidi Tingatinga / the cooperative's continuation of the style / the tourist-art and authenticity debate
相关词条: Naïve / AfriCOBRA

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294

Papunya Tula

パプニャ・トゥラ / 1971– / Style / Aboriginal Australian Art

西部沙漠的长者们把仪式性的沙画移到丙烯与画布上的运动：点的密林、同心圆与行迹线把“国土”（Country）画成地图般的知识——由此开启了原住民艺术在当代艺术中的位置。

成片的圆点 / 同心圆与行迹线 / 地图般的俯瞰构图 / 大地的色域

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Never borrow the patterns as decoration. The imagery is a community's knowledge; the right to paint it is itself inherited.
延伸阅读: Geoffrey Bardon / Dreaming imagery and rights to depict / respect for Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property
相关词条: Tingatinga / Color Field Painting

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295

Soviet Picture Book

ソビエト絵本 / 1920s–1930s / Style / Book Arts

革命先锋派的儿童书：列别捷夫等人把构成主义的平面性与简单形状带入叙事，让廉价石印的图画书成为20世纪书籍设计的实验室。

构成主义的平面性 / 被简化的机器与劳动 / 文字与图像统一设计 / 有限的石印色彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Vladimir Lebedev / the collaboration with Marshak / the end under censorship
相关词条: Constructivism / Cartoon Modern

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296

Hangul Typography

ハングル・タイポグラフィ / 1446– / 1980s– / Style / Type Design

韩文的设计文化——一种把发音结构映射为几何的文字。1446年的《训民正音》阐明了它的组合原理；当代设计师以打破方框的“脱方框体”等实验将其延展。

音素的几何组装 / 方框及其解体 / 辅音的象形性 / 系统化的组合

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the design thinking of the Hunminjeongeum / Ahn Sang-soo's talnemokkol / Hangul lettering culture
相关词条: Modular Type System / Experimental Type

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297

Shin-Hanga

新版画 / 1915–1960s / Style / Japanese Woodblock Prints

由出版商渡边庄三郎主导的木版画复兴：浮世绘中雕师与摺师的分工，接上西方的光影与氛围。川濑巴水笔下的夜与雨，成为海外心目中抒情日本的经典形象。

夜与雨的抒情 / 西式的光线处理 / 雕摺分工的精确 / 旅途中的风景

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Watanabe Shōzaburō / Kawase Hasui and Yoshida Hiroshi / the rivalry with sōsaku-hanga
相关词条: Ukiyo-e / Postwar Japanese Poster

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298

Jianzhi (Chinese Paper Cutting)

剪紙 / 6th century– / Technique / Festival Crafts

中国的红色剪纸：过年张贴的窗花，仅以相连的线条构成吉祥纹样与故事——阴阳虚实的造型设计，至今仍作为非物质文化遗产传承。

单一红色的镂空 / 始终相连的线条造型 / 吉祥的纹样 / 透过窗纸的光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: window flowers and Spring Festival / the master cutters of Shaanxi / yin and yang cutting (positive and negative)
相关词条: Papel Picado / Linocut

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299

Mingei

民藝 / 1926– / Style / Craft Movements

柳宗悦及其同仁在无名工匠的日常器物中发现“用之美”的运动——匿名、重复与实用被立为健全形态的尺度，成为日本设计思想的基石。

无名的手工艺 / 随用途而生的形 / 重复中锤炼出的稳定 / 在地的材料与手的习惯

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Yanagi Sōetsu, The Way of Crafts / Hamada, Kawai and Bernard Leach / the tension between mingei and modern design
相关词条: Arts and Crafts / Scandinavian Modern

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300

Minhwa

民画 / 17th–19th century / Style / Popular Painting

朝鲜王朝后期无名画工的民间绘画：虎与喜鹊、文字图、册架图静物——固定的程式，以自由的多重视点与嘲弄权威的诙谐画成。

虎鹊图的程式 / 自由的多重视点 / 诙谐的夸张 / 吉祥的纹样

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the tiger-and-magpie lineage / chaekgado shelf paintings / contemporary reinterpretations of minhwa
相关词条: Lubok / Tingatinga

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301

Đông Hồ Prints

ドンホー版画 / 17th century– / Style / Popular Prints

越南东湖村的木版年画：以天然颜料印在涂了贝壳粉的dó纸上，《老鼠娶亲》一类年画在讽刺与吉庆中承载着村庄的处世哲学。

泛着微光的贝粉纸 / 有限的天然色 / 借动物行讽刺 / 每逢新年重新刷印

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Đông Hồ workshops / dó paper and shell pigment / the contrast with Hàng Trống prints
相关词条: Nianhua / Lubok

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302

Nianhua

年画 / Song dynasty– / Style / Popular Prints

贴在门上与墙上的中国木版年画：门神、财神与戏出，色彩饱满；杨柳青、桃花坞等地方流派在数百年间构成一套视觉语言——它正是社会主义宣传画的图像之母。

成对的门神 / 饱和的吉庆色彩 / 各地作坊的流派 / 一年一换的易逝之物

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Yangliuqing and Taohuawu / the iconography of door gods / the New Nianhua movement
相关词条: Đông Hồ Prints / Chinese Propaganda Poster

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303

Thangka

タンカ / 11th century– / Style / Buddhist Art

藏传佛教的卷轴画：依严格的造像度量绘制本尊与曼陀罗，矿物颜料与金线构成观修的地图——为游牧生活而备的可携信仰。

严格的造像度量 / 矿物颜料的饱和 / 曼陀罗的几何 / 可卷收的画轴形制

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: iconometric grids (tikse) / the Ngor mandalas / thangka workshops today
相关词条: Persian Miniature / Russian Icon

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304

Russian Icon

ロシア・イコン / 10th–17th century / continuing / Style / Icon Painting

承自拜占庭的圣像传统：逆远近法、金底与程式化的身躯，并非供人观看的图画，而是祈祷的窗口——鲁勃廖夫的《三位一体》是其精神顶点。

金底的无时间性 / 逆远近法 / 程式化的身躯 / 作为祈祷对象的图像

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Andrei Rublev / the thought behind reverse perspective / the avant-garde's rediscovery
相关词条: Ethiopian Icon / Thangka

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305

Ethiopian Icon

エチオピアのイコン / 14th century– / Style / Icon Painting

埃塞俄比亚正教会的圣画：硕大的杏仁形眼睛、粗重的轮廓与鲜明的平涂色彩——拜占庭的遗产被非洲的造型重新书写。

硕大的杏仁形眼睛 / 粗重的轮廓 / 鲜明的平涂色彩 / 可折叠的三联画

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Gunda Gunde school / healing scrolls / continuity into modern Ethiopian painting
相关词条: Russian Icon / Persian Miniature

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306

Tapa (Barkcloth)

タパ / prehistory– / Technique / Textile Traditions

太平洋的槌打树皮布：几何纹样以印、绘、熏的方式落于其上，在仪式与馈赠中充当共同体的标识——一种太平洋的图形语言，纹样体系因岛而异。

树皮槌打出的肌理 / 反复的几何纹样 / 大地色系的颜料 / 仪式用的巨幅布匹

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Fijian masi / Tongan ngatu / Samoan siapo
相关词条: Kente / Batik

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307

Kōwhaiwhai

コファイファイ / 18th century– / Style / Architectural Ornament

装饰毛利集会所椽木的卷曲纹样：以蕨芽koru为起点，对称、旋转与镜像在红、黑、白中展开——一种曲线的数学，在头顶记录着谱系与故事。

反复的koru螺旋 / 红、黑与白 / 对称与镜像 / 沿椽木展开的带状

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Never borrow it as mere decorative curves. The patterns record genealogy; confirm belonging and respect toward the community.
延伸阅读: the semantics of the koru / the space of the wharenui / attribution and cultural respect
相关词条: Tapa (Barkcloth) / Azulejo

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308

Kanga

カンガ / 1880s– / Style / Textile Traditions

东非沿海女性所穿的印花布：边框、中心纹样与一句斯瓦希里谚语（jina）构成三段式——穿着即是言说的布。

边框与中心的构成 / 斯瓦希里谚语 / 强烈的双色对比 / 成对穿用

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the culture of jina / Zanzibar's trading history / campaign kangas
相关词条: Kente / Adire

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309

Swedish Grace

スウェディッシュ・グレース / 1917–1930 / Style / Scandinavian Design

两次大战之间的瑞典风格，在新古典的端正之上覆以轻盈的装饰与手工——哈尔德的玻璃、阿斯普隆德的建筑展现出一种优雅的现代性，成为北欧现代主义的跑道。

新古典的骨架 / 轻盈的刻花装饰 / 玻璃与瓷器的纤巧 / 素朴与优雅的平衡

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Edward Hald / Gunnar Asplund / the turn to functionalism at Stockholm 1930
相关词条: Scandinavian Modern / Art Deco

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310

Brussels Style

ブリュッセル様式 / 1958–1960s / Style / Postwar Industrial Design

因捷克斯洛伐克在1958年布鲁塞尔世博会上的胜利而得名的社会主义阵营明快现代主义：不对称的曲线、纤细外撇的支脚与原子图案，把解冻期的乐观从家用器物一路带到动画。

不对称的有机曲线 / 纤细外撇的支脚 / 原子与星形图案 / 黑底上的粉彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Czechoslovak pavilion at Expo 58 / Laterna Magika / consumer culture in the socialist bloc
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Space Age Design

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311

Iranian Poster

イランのポスター / 1960s– / Style / Regional Graphics

莫尔塔扎·莫马耶兹开创的伊朗平面文化：波斯书法的线条与现代主义构成相融，生长出一种穿越革命与战争、以诗性隐喻发声的海报传统。

作为造型的书法线条 / 诗性的隐喻 / 波斯文字的构成力 / 克制的色彩

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Morteza Momayez / the Tehran International Poster Biennial / contemporary Iranian typography
相关词条: Polish Poster School / Arabic Calligraphy

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312

African Barbershop Sign

アフリカの理髪店看板 / 1950s– / Style / Signage and Display

西非理发店的手绘招牌：编号的发型样本排成网格，平涂而重复的面孔介于商品目录与肖像之间。

发型样本的网格 / 平涂而重复的面孔 / 编号与手写字体 / 胶合板上的瓷漆

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: sign painters of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire / the wordplay of haircut names / collecting versus local use
相关词条: Ghost Signs / Ghanaian Movie Poster

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313

Ebru

エブル / 15th century– / Technique / Decorated Paper

土耳其的水纹画：颜料浮于增稠的水面，以梳与针牵引出花朵与漩涡，再转印到纸上。它从书法的衬底成长为独立的艺术，被联合国教科文组织列入名录。

水上的花形（ebru çiçekleri） / 梳理出的波浪纹 / 每一张独有的偶然 / 与书法的配合

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: hatip ebru flower work / Ottoman manuscript binding / contemporary ebru artists
相关词条: Paper Marbling / Arabic Calligraphy

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314

Ex-Voto (Retablo)

エクスボート（奉納画） / 18th century– / Style / Popular Painting

墨西哥的还愿画：为脱险而作的谢恩画在铁皮上，危难的场景、圣像与手写的见证共处一小方画面——未受训练的笔触所带的恳切，令卡罗与现代主义者着迷。

小块的铁皮画板 / 场景、圣像与见证的三层结构 / 稚拙的透视 / 事故与奇迹的记录

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Frida Kahlo's collection / the lettering of testimonies / retablo painters today
相关词条: Posada's Calaveras / Naïve

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315

Pysanky

プィーサンカ / prehistory– / Technique / Festival Crafts

乌克兰的蜡防染复活节彩蛋：热蜡描出的线条与层层浸染，在弧面的蛋壳上筑起几何纹样与生命树——一套图案与色彩皆承载祈愿的微观图形系统。

蜡防染留出的白线 / 层层叠染的颜色 / 蛋壳的分带划分 / 几何与生命树

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the meaning system of motifs / regional palettes / transmission in the diaspora
相关词条: Papel Picado / Jianzhi (Chinese Paper Cutting)

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316

Mola

モラ / late 19th century– / Technique / Textile Traditions

巴拿马库纳族女性的反向贴布绣：层叠的彩布被逐层剪开并缝合，使轮廓以多重线条荡漾开来——布上的版画，日常穿作上衣的前后襟。

层叠的反向贴布 / 多重的轮廓线 / 迷宫般的填底 / 动物与几何

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Guna Yala autonomy / modern imagery entering molas / the double life of wearing and collecting
相关词条: Tapa (Barkcloth) / Kanga

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317

Adire

アディレ / 19th century– / Technique / Textile Traditions

约鲁巴女性的靛蓝防染布：以拉菲草扎结、木薯浆手绘与型版留出白色纹样，衬着深靛的底色，把谚语与符号织入这份对比之中。

靛蓝与白的防染纹样 / 木薯浆的手绘 / 以网格划分的图形 / 承载谚语的符号系统

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the dyers of Abeokuta / the olokun pattern / revival in contemporary fashion
相关词条: Batik / Kanga

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318

Delftware

デルフト焼 / 1600s– / Style / Ceramic Styles

代尔夫特出于对中国瓷器的向往而烧造的锡釉陶：风车、帆船与转译过的东方景致，全以蓝色描绘——正是这股中国风，把“青花”确立为西方餐桌与居室的语言。

只用蓝色描绘 / 白色锡釉的底子 / 被转译的东方纹样 / 从瓷砖到餐具

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: from imitating Jingdezhen to a style of its own / Delft tiles / Royal Delft today
相关词条: Chinoiserie / Azulejo

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319

Metalheart

メタルハート / 1995–2004 / Style / Digital Texture

世纪之交的数码风格：早期3D的铬合金、液态金属、锋利的倒角与镜头光晕——裹上铁克诺与科幻的图像，在千年虫前后统治了锐舞传单与游戏杂志。

液态金属般的铬面 / 锋利的倒角 / 镜头光晕 / 铁克诺与科幻字体

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Designers Republic / 1990s rave flyers / the Metalheart book and the digital-chrome revival
相关词条: Chromecore / Y2K

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320

Surrealism

シュルレアリスム / 1924–1950s / Style / Avant-garde

以梦与无意识的逻辑，迫使现实中的物件发生不可能之相遇的运动。“错位”（dépaysement）从绘画蔓延到摄影、电影与广告，成为不可能并置的语法。

错位（dépaysement） / 梦的透视 / 被变形的物件 / 为荒谬服务的精确

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Breton's manifestos / Magritte and advertising's mutual seepage / surrealist photography and the rediscovery of Atget
相关词条: Dada / German Expressionist Film

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321

Soviet Film Poster

ソ連映画ポスター / 1924–1932 / Style / Regional Graphics

斯滕贝格兄弟以石版印刷构筑的革命年代电影海报：近似照片蒙太奇的巨大面孔、倾斜奔突的字母与被强烈夸张的透视，把电影的运动移植到一张纸上。

巨大的面孔 / 倾斜奔突的字母 / 夸张的透视 / 平涂的石版色彩

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Stenberg brothers / their projector-enlargement technique / the end under socialist realism
相关词条: Constructivism / Soviet Montage

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322

Atelier Populaire

アトリエ・ポピュレール / May–June 1968 / Style / Printmaking and Social Movements

1968年五月被占领的巴黎美术学院里的版画工作坊：单色丝网、简化的形象与命令式口号彻夜大量印制——匿名、不出售、直接张贴上街，成为抗议图像的原型。

单色丝网印刷 / 简化的形象 / 命令式口号 / 匿名的大量生产

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the occupied workshop's rules / 'the poster is a weapon' / the inheritance through Grapus
相关词条: Grapus / ROSTA Windows

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323

Devětsil

デヴィェトシル / 1920–1931 / Style / Book Arts

捷克先锋派团体，其“图画诗”与书籍封面——泰格以照片、字体与符号写成的抒情构成主义——让两战之间的布拉格成为书籍设计的实验室。

图画诗 / 照片与字体的融合 / 被抒情化的几何 / 构成主义的装帧

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Karel Teige / Nezval and Poetism / the legacy in postwar Czech book design
相关词条: Constructivism / The New Typography

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324

Golden Age Travel Poster — PLM『ネフタのオアシス』1925

Golden Age Travel Poster

旅行ポスターの黄金期 / 1890s–1930s / Style / Advertising Posters

铁路与航运公司竞相印制的石版旅游海报：理想化的目的地风景、装饰性字体与骄傲的线路名，把“旅行”本身发明成一种欲望的图像。

理想化的风景 / 平涂的石版色彩 / 装饰性字体 / 铁路与航线徽记

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the PLM and French railway posters / London Underground's patronage / Cassandre's geometrization
相关词条: Art Deco / Circus Poster

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325

Pulp Magazine Cover

パルプ雑誌の表紙 / 1920s–1950s / Style / Publishing and Editing

廉价小说杂志的煽情封面：戏剧化的油画、千钧一发的瞬间与尖叫般的标题字，铸成科幻、恐怖与犯罪的视觉语言，并一路流入平装书与漫画。

戏剧化的油画 / 千钧一发的瞬间 / 尖叫般的标题字 / 原色的煽情

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Margaret Brundage / Frank R. Paul / the inheritance into paperbacks and EC comics
相关词条: Circus Poster / Pop Art

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326

Penguin Cover System

ペンギン・ブックスの表紙 / 1935– / Style / Publishing and Editing

从1935年的三段式色带，到奇肖尔德的排版规则，再到马伯网格，企鹅一再把封面重新发明为设计系统——让平装书成为现代设计的教科书。

色彩分类的色带 / 严格的排版规则 / 马伯网格 / 作为系列的一致性

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the 1935 tripartite covers / Tschichold's Penguin Composition Rules / Romek Marber's grid
相关词条: The New Typography / Modular Type System

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327

Mid-century Picture Book

ミッドセンチュリーの絵本 / 1940s–1960s / Style / Illustration Styles

战后绘本的黄金时代：不惧套印偏差的平涂有限色、简化的形象，以及字与画的游戏式统一，把现代主义的形式带进孩子的日常。

平涂的有限色 / 套印偏差的趣味 / 简化的形象 / 字与画浑然一体

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Leonard Weisgard / Alice and Martin Provensen / Bruno Munari's book experiments
相关词条: Cartoon Modern / Soviet Picture Book

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328

Festival of Britain Style

フェスティバル様式 / 1951–1950s / Style / Public Design

自1951年节庆场地扩散开来的战后英国明快现代主义：纤细的支脚、分子图案与轻盈的手写体，把摆脱紧缩后的乐观化为一种国家视觉语言。

纤细的支脚与轻盈结构 / 分子与晶体图案 / 轻盈的手写字体 / 节庆般的色彩

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Abram Games's festival emblem / the Festival Pattern Group / Contemporary-style furniture
相关词条: Mid-Century Modern / Brussels Style

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329

Corporate Modernism

企業モダニズム / 1950s–1970s / Style / Contemporary Branding

兰德、切尔马耶夫等人确立的企业识别黄金时代：几何化的标志、以网格编写的规范手册与严谨的应用，让现代主义的抽象语言代企业发声。

抽象的几何标志 / 设计规范手册 / 网格化的应用纪律 / 单色的力量

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Paul Rand's IBM / the NASA Graphics Standards Manual / Chermayeff & Geismar
相关词条: Swiss / Ulm School (HfG Ulm)

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330

ITC Style

ITC様式 / 1970s–1980s / Style / Type Design

照相排版时代的纽约风格：超大的x高度与“紧贴而不相碰”的字距。卢巴林的观念性文字设计与《U&lc》杂志让字母作为图像登场——1970年代的面孔。

超大的x高度 / 紧贴而不相碰的字距 / 花饰与连字登场 / 字母即图像

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Herb Lubalin / Avant Garde magazine and its typeface / the digital-era reappraisal of phototype
相关词条: Push Pin Style / Experimental Type

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331

Canadian Modern

カナディアン・モダン / 1960s–1970s / Style / Public Design

加拿大公共部门的现代主义，凝结在CN标志、67年世博会与联邦识别计划之中：克制的几何与双语系统设计，成为“设计一个国家”的实作范例。

一笔成形的几何标志 / 双语网格 / 统一的公共机构风格 / 克制的用色

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Allan Fleming's CN mark / Expo 67 signage / the Federal Identity Program
相关词条: Corporate Modernism / Swiss

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332

Mexico 68 Identity

メキシコ68 / 1966–1968 / Style / Public Design

怀曼为墨西哥城打造的奥运识别：同心线条自标志向外辐射，蔓延至场馆、制服与邮票，把欧普艺术与民间艺术融合，将整座城市裹进搏动的图像之中。

辐射的同心线条 / 欧普艺术式的振动 / 与民间艺术的融合 / 城市尺度的展开

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Lance Wyman / the connection to Huichol art / design and politics in 1968
相关词条: Op Art / Pictogram System

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333

Blue Note Style

ブルーノート・スタイル / 1955–1967 / Style / Music Graphics

里德·迈尔斯为这家爵士厂牌批量生产的封套风格：颗粒感的黑白摄影、双色的经济与大胆裁切的文字——限制之中的即兴，正是爵士乐的图像译本。

颗粒感的黑白照片 / 双色的经济 / 大胆的裁切 / 即兴的文字编排

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Reid Miles / Francis Wolff's photographs / the lineage of label aesthetics
相关词条: Swiss / Factory Records Style

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334

Factory Records Style

ファクトリー・レコーズ / 1978–1992 / Style / Music Graphics

萨维尔在曼彻斯特厂牌的实践：拒绝解释音乐的封套，借用工业色卡、古典绘画与波形图表——后朋克那种智性的空无，就此被做成了风格。

拒绝解释 / 借自他领域的图像 / 克制的字体编排 / 作为制度的目录编号

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Peter Saville / the Unknown Pleasures waveform / the Haçienda's graphics
相关词条: New Wave / Blue Note Style

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335

Angura Poster

アングラ演劇ポスター / 1965–1975 / Style / Regional Graphics

横尾忠则等人为日本地下剧场绘制的海报：浮世绘、媚俗与迷幻在刻意的过剩中碰撞——一场针对现代主义的反叛，很快被世界发现。

浮世绘与媚俗的碰撞 / 荧光丝网印刷 / 被挪用的旭日与昭和图像 / 过剩的美学

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Tadanori Yokoo / Terayama's Tenjō Sajiki / Kiyoshi Awazu and the dismantling of Nissenbi
相关词条: Psychedelic / Ukiyo-e

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336

City Pop Illustration

シティポップのイラスト / 1979–1989 / 2010s revival / Style / Music Graphics

永井博与铃木英人为唱片封套描绘的都市度假景象——无云的天空、泳池、棕榈与地平线。泡沫经济前日本的憧憬风景，经由蒸汽波成为全球共享的图像。

无云的蓝与泳池 / 棕榈与地平线 / 平滑的喷绘表面 / 人物的缺席

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hiroshi Nagai / Eizin Suzuki / the For You sleeve
相关词条: Vaporwave / Airbrush Illustration

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337

ACT UP Graphics

ACT UPのグラフィック / 1987–1990s / Style / Printmaking and Social Movements

艾滋危机中直接行动运动的视觉战略：SILENCE=DEATH的粉红三角、为求清晰而夺取的广告语法，以及自由复制——以广告之力锻造的行动主义图像。

倒置的粉红三角 / 被夺取的广告语法 / 命令式的文字编排 / 自由复制

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Silence=Death Project / Gran Fury / its influence on public-health graphics
相关词条: Atelier Populaire / Corporate Modernism

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338

Airbrush Illustration

エアブラシ・イラストレーション / 1970s–1980s / Technique / Illustration Styles

以压缩空气造出无缝渐变的商业插画黄金时代：镀铬的反射、湿润的光泽与理想化的肌肤——数字时代之前“完美表面”的代名词。

无缝的渐变 / 镀铬与反射 / 星芒状高光 / 理想化的光滑

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hajime Sorayama / Pater Sato / the inheritance into digital gradients
相关词条: Chromecore / City Pop Illustration

design.md ／图像提示词

339

Isometric Pixel Art

アイソメトリック・ピクセルアート / 1994– / Style / Digital Image Techniques

以没有灭点的斜投影描绘的无尽像素城市。eBoy的“像素全景”确立了这一形式，把游戏的等距投影作为图像语言输出到印刷与广告之中。

等距鸟瞰 / 没有灭点 / 模块化的建筑 / 填满画面的密度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: eBoy's pixoramas / SimCity 2000's projection / Lego-like modular thinking
相关词条: Pixel Art / Low Poly

design.md ／图像提示词

340

Demoscene

デモシーン / 1985– / Style / Computational Expression

把图像与音乐压缩进几千字节可执行文件的编程艺术集体文化。限制之下的实时炫技竞赛，成了着色器时代的训练场。

体积限制的美学 / 实时生成 / 滚动字幕的问候文化 / 数学式的视觉特效

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Amiga and C64 beginnings / parties like Revision and Assembly / the intangible-heritage campaign
相关词条: Generative Art / Metalheart

design.md ／图像提示词

341

Vector Scan Graphics

ベクタースキャン / 1979–1985 / Style / Technical Expression

由电子束在矢量显示器上直接描绘的游戏图像：悬浮于漆黑虚空中的发光线框——正是这种张力定义了早期街机对未来的想象。

发光的线框 / 漆黑的虚空 / 均匀发光的线条 / 几何的张力

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Asteroids and Tempest / Battlezone's military use / the influence on TRON's imagination
相关词条: Terminal UI / Tech Spec

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342

Flash Era Web Animation

Flash黄金期のウェブ / 1998–2010 / Style / Internet Aesthetics

粗重的矢量轮廓、补间变形与首页上的光标游戏：那十年里，Flash把表达的力量交到个人手中，把网页变成一件动起来的作品。

粗重的矢量轮廓 / 补间变形 / 启动首页 / 跟随光标的游戏

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Newgrounds's upload culture / 2advanced's experimental sites / Flash's end and its preservation
相关词条: Web 1.0 / Cartoon Modern

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343

Fantasy Console — 『Celeste Classic』PICO-8（MIT）

Fantasy Console

ファンタジーコンソール / 2015– / Style / Computational Expression

连规格一起设计一台虚构复古主机的运动。PICO-8自我设限的128×128与16色，为当下重新发明了“以限制生成风格”这件事。

自我设限的分辨率 / 固定的16色调色板 / 卡带的虚构 / 以小为共识的文化

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: PICO-8 and Voxatron / the original Celeste / the philosophy of designed constraint
相关词条: Pixel Art / Demoscene

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344

LCD Game Graphics

LCDゲームの様式 / 1980–1991 / Style / Consumer Tech Aesthetics

《Game & Watch》的固定段式液晶屏：运动完全由预先成形的姿势讲述——一种关于画格的艺术——叠加在印刷背景之上，形成独特的样貌。

固定段式的角色 / 印刷背景之上的两层 / 逐格跳动的运动 / 银色机身与十字键

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Gunpei Yokoi's withered technology / the constraints of segment design / the borrowing from calculator LCDs
相关词条: Pixel Art / Skeuomorphism

design.md ／图像提示词

345

ANSI Art (BBS Scene)

ANSIアート / 1985–1997 / Style / Text-based Imagery

在BBS时代的16色文本模式中绘制的登录画面与团体作品集。方块字符的明暗层次与团体之间的竞争，铸成了网络时代之前屏幕装饰的顶峰。

16色文本模式 / 方块字符的明暗 / 创作团体的署名 / 登录画面的体裁

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the ACiD-iCE rivalry / art-pack culture / the modern textmode revival
相关词条: ASCII Art / Terminal UI

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346

Terminal UI

ターミナルUI / 1970s– / Style / UI Expression

终端的样貌：黑底之上的等宽荧光字符。VT100的绿色余辉成了计算机面孔的原型意象，从黑客电影一路重复到今天的命令行工具。

黑底与单一荧光色 / 等宽的字符网格 / 闪烁的光标 / 扫描线与辉光

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the DEC VT100 / hacker screens in film / modern CLI and TUI design
相关词条: ANSI Art (BBS Scene) / Cyberpunk

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347

Emoji

絵文字 / 1999– / Style / Symbol Systems

始于栗田穰崇为i-mode设计的176个12×12点阵符号的共享符号系统。纽约现代艺术博物馆收藏了这套原始字符——象形符号的谱系，被延伸进对话本身。

12×12点阵的原型 / 作为符号的情绪 / 各平台的方言 / 介于文字与图画之间

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Kurita's original set / Unicode standardization / comparing vendor design dialects
相关词条: Pictogram System / Kawaii

design.md ／图像提示词

348

Generative Art

ジェネラティブアート / 1965– / Style / Computational Expression

把制作交给规则与随机、而由创作者设计系统的艺术。自尼斯与莫尔纳的绘图仪作品起，被编码的重复与偶然成为设计生成方法的源头。

规则与随机并存 / 绘图仪的线条 / 以重复求变奏 / 作品即系统

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Georg Nees / Vera Molnár / Processing and creative coding
相关词条: Motion Graphics / Net.art

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349

Skate Graphics

スケートデッキ・グラフィック / 1980s– / Style / Illustration Styles

为板底而演化的图形——一块注定被磨去的竖长画布。菲利普斯的Screaming Hand典型地体现了那种粗重轮廓与掺着恐怖的夸张，并由此建起街头的纹章学。

竖长的板底构图 / 粗轮廓的角色 / 恐怖与幽默的混合 / 对磨损的从容

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Jim Phillips and Santa Cruz / Vernon Courtlandt Johnson / the connection to Shepard Fairey
相关词条: Punk / Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism)

design.md ／图像提示词

350

Analog Horror

アナログホラー / 2015– / Aesthetic / Internet Aesthetics

诞生于网络的影像类型，以VHS的劣化、紧急广播的体裁与教学片的语调组装恐惧——把公共广播的可信符号反转成制造不安的装置。

紧急广播的体裁 / 刻意做出的VHS劣化 / 教学片式的旁白 / 审查式的涂黑

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Local 58 / The Mandela Catalogue / the iconography of EAS alerts
相关词条: VHS Aesthetic / Weirdcore

design.md ／图像提示词

351

Cottagecore

コテージコア / 2018– / Aesthetic / Internet Aesthetics

将乡间小屋、手作与刚出炉的面包理想化的网络美学：柔和的自然光与手工质感，把田园重建为对数字疲劳的反动。

柔和的自然光 / 手工的质感 / 野花与烘焙 / 被理想化的前现代

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: from Tumblr to TikTok / the pandemic expansion / the resonance with Arts and Crafts
相关词条: Dark Academia / Naïve

design.md ／图像提示词

352

Kawaii

カワイイ / 1970s– / Aesthetic / Pop

日本那种以浑圆轮廓、大眼睛、粉彩与松弛唤起保护欲的美学。从少女字体与花俏杂货出发，它软化了整个社会的表层，从公共标识一直到企业吉祥物。

由圆与留白构成的脸 / 大眼睛，省略的嘴 / 粉彩的柔软 / 松弛与无防备

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: research on maru-moji handwriting / Sanrio's character design / Yomota Inuhiko's theory of kawaii
相关词条: Decora / Emoji

design.md ／图像提示词

353

Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism)

ローブロウ / 1979– / Style / Illustration Styles

来自美术馆之外的绘画，在改装车、漫画、刺青与B级片中长大——以精确的油画技法描绘流行文化的记忆，并围绕《Juxtapoz》杂志被制度化为波普超现实主义。

流行文化的图像志 / 精确的古典技法 / 令人不安的幽默 / 生于街头的纹章

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Robert Williams / Mark Ryden / custom culture and Von Dutch
相关词条: Skate Graphics / Pop Art

design.md ／图像提示词

354

Cassette Futurism

カセット・フューチャリズム / 1977–1990s / retro revival / Aesthetic / Visions of the Future

1980年代所想象的未来：显像管、实体按键、热敏纸与方正的白色塑料——如今被重新评价为无缝科幻之对立面的哑光实用主义。

显像管与实体按键 / 方正的白色塑料 / 点阵显示 / 哑光的实用主义

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Nostromo in Alien / Alien: Isolation's recreation / retrofuturism studies
相关词条: Cyberpunk / Tech Spec

design.md ／图像提示词

355

Hipgnosis

ヒプノシス / 1968–1983 / Style / Music Graphics

索格森与鲍威尔的工作室带给唱片封套的摄影超现实主义——燃烧的握手、电厂上空的猪——电脑合成之前的特技摄影，定义了音乐所梦见的景象。

摄影的超现实主义 / 实拍特效与修版 / 拒绝解释的谜题 / 正方形的完整性

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Storm Thorgerson / the Dark Side prism / the flying pig of Animals
相关词条: Surrealism / Factory Records Style

design.md ／图像提示词

356

American Traditional Tattoo

アメリカン・トラディショナル / 1900s– / Style / Tattoo Styles

以粗黑轮廓、有限颜料与固定图样构成的经典美国刺青风格——锚、玫瑰、家燕。水手文化与flash图纸的流通，在皮肤上标准化了一套图像语言。

粗重的黑色轮廓 / 有限的红绿配色 / 锚、玫瑰与家燕的图样库 / flash图纸的复制流通

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Sailor Jerry (Norman Collins) / the circulation of flash / the old-school revival
相关词条: Irezumi / Circus Poster

design.md ／图像提示词

357

Irezumi

和彫 / Edo period– / Style / Tattoo Styles

受国芳笔下水浒英雄启发的日本刺青风格，把叙事雕刻在背部与全身。波浪与云纹框住图像——即所谓的“额”——让身体成为一整幅浮世绘。

满背的叙事构图 / 波与云的框边 / 取自浮世绘的图像 / 依身体设计的走势

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Kuniyoshi's Suikoden series / the lineage and apprenticeship of horishi / the meaning system of dragon, carp and hannya
相关词条: American Traditional Tattoo / Ukiyo-e

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358

DIN 1451

DIN 1451 / 1931– / Style / Public Design

被定为德国工业标准的工程字体：可用直尺与圆规复现的骨架，统一了道路标识与工业标记——由非个人性而生的信赖，后来为设计师所钟爱。

被工程化的骨架 / 以标准达成统一 / 道路标识的语言 / 对非个人性的信赖

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the history of the standard / FF DIN's typeface adaptation / national road lettering compared
相关词条: Neo-grotesque Sans / Pictogram System

design.md ／图像提示词

359

Matchbox Label

マッチラベル / 1880s–1970s / Style / Printed Ephemera

世界上最小的广告印刷品：商标、图像与文字被压缩进几平方厘米。日本与捷克斯洛伐克曾作为出口大国相互竞争，而火花收藏者的收集把一次性设计保存为一种风格。

压缩到厘米之内 / 强烈的商标图像 / 异国情调的出口图案 / 程式化的边框与底色

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Meiji export labels / the Czech Solo works / phillumeny collecting culture
相关词条: Circus Poster / Postage Stamp Design

design.md ／图像提示词

360

Teletext Art

テレテキスト・アート / 1974–2012 / revival / Style / Text-based Imagery

以广播文本模式绘制的屏幕艺术——八种固定颜色构成的40×24马赛克。Ceefax天气图与新闻页那种极端的抽象，正作为限制美学的经典被重新唤起。

八色的马赛克 / 40×24的画框 / 由方块拼出的伪曲线 / 广播基础设施的样貌

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: BBC Ceefax pages / the International Teletext Art Festival / contemporary artists like Dan Farrimond
相关词条: ANSI Art (BBS Scene) / Test Card

design.md ／图像提示词

361

Postage Stamp Design

切手のデザイン / 1840– / Style / Public Design

自「黑便士」以来，国家的面孔被镌刻进方寸之间。凹版印刷的精度、打孔的齿边与面值国名的固定格式，加上国家形象政策，把最大限度的制度安置在最小限度的纸面上。

凹版印刷的精度 / 面值与国名的固定格式 / 打孔的齿边 / 被浓缩的国家

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the birth of the Penny Black / national stamp iconography / modern Swiss and Dutch stamp design
相关词条: Banknote Guilloche / Pictogram System

design.md ／图像提示词

362

Banknote Guilloche

紙幣のギヨシェ / 18th century– / Technique / Public Design

以车床刻出的扭索纹曲线与凹版雕刻肖像抵御伪造、同时让信用变得可见的纸币风格。美国1896年的「教育系列」把纸币提升为寓意画式的杰作。

连绵不断的扭索纹曲线 / 凹版雕刻的肖像 / 细密的底纹车刻 / 面值的等级秩序

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the geometric lathe / the Educational Series of 1896 / modern anti-counterfeit design
相关词条: Postage Stamp Design / Victorian Ornament

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363

Ex Libris (Bookplate)

蔵書票 / 15th century– / Style / Book Arts

贴在书籍内页的小小藏书标记。自丢勒以来，纹章、寓意与藏书者精确的自我形象被镌刻于方寸之间——书籍文化与版画在此交汇的私人图形。

EX LIBRIS 的固定格式 / 纹章与寓意 / 精微的细密雕刻 / 藏书者的自我形象

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Dürer's bookplates / Japan's bookplate movement / the international federation FISAE
相关词条: Private Press / Heraldry

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364

Playing Card Design

トランプの意匠 / 15th century– / Style / Games and Play

经数百年使用打磨而成的五十二张牌设计：上下对称的人头牌、花色的符号学、连续重复的牌背图案。磨损与辨识催生出一种完成度，那也是界面设计的史前史。

上下对称的人头牌 / 花色符号 / 牌角索引 / 重复的牌背图案

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Rouen pattern lineage / the invention of indices / regional standard patterns
相关词条: Tarot Imagery / Hanafuda

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365

Tarot Imagery — ヴィスコンティ・スフォルツァ版タロット 15世紀

Tarot Imagery

タロットの図像 / 15th century– / Style / Games and Play

从维斯孔蒂的金底牌、马赛的木刻牌到韦特-史密斯的叙事场景：寓意被系统化为七十八张牌。它向重新解读敞开的特质，至今不断吸引着设计师。

大阿尔卡那的寓意 / 定型的人物与持物 / 边框、编号与标题 / 可供重读的符号

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Visconti-Sforza deck / the Marseille woodcut lineage / Pamela Colman Smith's designs
相关词条: Playing Card Design / Illuminated Manuscript

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366

Kamon

家紋 / Heian period– / Style / Symbol Systems

仅凭圆规与直线便将草木、鸟兽、器物几何化的日本家纹体系。约两万种以黑白反转构思的纹样，早在标志设计出现前数百年就完成了可自由缩放的记号。

圆内的几何 / 黑白反转中的平衡 / 对自然的极致抽象 / 尺规作图的构成

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: crest books and crest painters / bunmawashi compass construction / modern logo work by Shoryu Hatoba
相关词条: Heraldry / Adinkra

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367

Heraldry

西洋紋章学 / 12th century– / Style / Symbol Systems

源自战场识别需求的欧洲纹章体系：以纹章描述语（blazon）作出的严格记述、有限色料的规则，以及分割与组合的语法——一套延续八百年的设计系统。

有限的纹章用色 / 盾面分割的语法 / 可用纹章语描述 / 程式化的动物姿态

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the grammar of blazon / the institution of heralds / inheritance in flags and state arms
相关词条: Kamon / Illuminated Manuscript

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368

Seal Engraving

篆刻 / Qin dynasty– / Technique / Calligraphic Traditions

东亚的篆刻艺术：以篆书入石，在数平方厘米之内借朱文与白文的红白反转经营章法。作为落款参与书画，它把方寸之内的设计推至极致。

朱白反转 / 篆书的线条设计 / 方寸之间的章法 / 刀石留下的质感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: zhuwen and baiwen design / the Xiling Seal Art Society / Japanese tenkoku and signature culture
相关词条: Arabic Calligraphy / Kamon

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369

Celestial Atlas

星図の様式 / 17th–19th century / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

把星座神话叠加在观测之上的巴洛克星图集。策拉留斯的《和谐大宇宙》标志着科学图解同时也能是装饰艺术的那个时代的顶峰。

星辰之上的神话形象 / 同心圆式的天球结构 / 金与蓝的设色 / 带装饰的卷标框

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Cellarius / Bode's Uranographia / the separation of science plates from ornament
相关词条: Portolan Chart / Blueprint

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370

Anatomical Illustration

解剖図の様式 / 1543– / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

维萨里《人体构造》所确立的样式：肌肉毕现的人体在风景中摆出姿势。科学的准确与戏剧性的搬演共处一图，数百年间支配着解剖图版的语法。

摆出姿势的解剖人体 / 风景式的背景 / 编号与指引线 / 木刻与铜版的精度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Vesalius / Albinus's grid method / the plates of Gray's Anatomy
相关词条: Botanical Illustration / Natural History Plate

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371

Botanical Illustration

ボタニカルアート / 16th century– / Style / Natural History Illustration

把科学的精确与装饰之美并置的植物写真传统。雷杜德以点刻凹版与手工设色描绘的玫瑰，将「因准确而优雅」确立为一种风格。

白底上的一株植物 / 附加的解剖细部 / 点刻版画的柔和 / 透明的手工设色

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Redouté / Curtis's Botanical Magazine / the contemporary botanical revival
相关词条: Natural History Plate / Anatomical Illustration

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372

Portolan Chart

ポルトラーノ海図 / 13th–17th century / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

布满放射状恒向线的中世纪实用海图：羊皮纸上依次精确排列的海岸线与地名，边缘则是旗帜与怪兽——实用与装饰尚未分家时代的制图学。

放射状的恒向线 / 与海岸垂直书写的地名 / 羊皮纸的底色 / 作为装饰的旗帜与怪兽

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Catalan Atlas lineage / the structure of rhumb lines / charts as state secrets
相关词条: Celestial Atlas / Hatsusaburō Panoramic Map

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373

Hanafuda

花札 / 18th century– / Style / Games and Play

把十二个月的花鸟风月压缩进四十八张的日本纸牌。黑边之上大胆的平涂式样，生长于屡屡躲避禁令的历史——也是任天堂的起点。

按月分配的花鸟图案 / 黑色边框与平涂色彩 / 极度的简化 / 短册与动物的组合

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the karuta bans and mutations / Nintendo's hanafuda manufacture / regional pattern variants
相关词条: Playing Card Design / E-Sugoroku

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374

Natural History Plate

博物図譜 / 18th–19th century / Style / Natural History Illustration

把未知的生命既作为分类学、又作为惊奇呈现的博物学图版。海克尔《自然界的艺术形态》中的对称构图，成为科学图版汇入新艺术运动形式语言的接点。

对称排布的标本 / 分类学式的齐备 / 精确与装饰并置 / 系统化的图版编号

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Haeckel / Audubon's Birds of America / René Binet's Art Nouveau architecture
相关词条: Botanical Illustration / Art Nouveau

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375

Calligraphic Revival — ジョンストンのレタリング 1915頃（CC BY 2.0）

Calligraphic Revival

カリグラフィー復興 / 1906– / Style / Letterform History

始于约翰斯顿从中世纪手抄本重建基础书体的西方书写的现代复兴。经由伦敦地铁字体与吉尔，手写之形成为现代设计的源泉。

宽头笔的运笔角度 / 基础书体的骨架 / 自手抄本的重建 / 字与空间的呼吸

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Johnston's Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering / the Underground alphabet of 1916 / the inheritance through Eric Gill
相关词条: Blackletter / Humanist Sans

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376

Sheet Music Cover

楽譜表紙 / 1820s–1920s / Style / Printed Ephemera

由客厅钢琴撑起的石版乐谱封面：场景插图与装饰字体合为一幅图像——在唱片封套出现之前用图形展示音乐的媒介。

歌曲的情景插图 / 装饰性的标题字体 / 石版印刷的色彩 / 出版社的通用边框

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: lithography and home music / music-hall cover artists / the inheritance into sleeve design
相关词条: Circus Poster / Victorian Ornament

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377

Ise Katagami

伊勢型紙 / Muromachi period– / Technique / Stencil Printing

以柿涩裱糊纸镂刻而成的染色型纸：锥雕、道具雕与条纹雕刻出连续纹样，其细密程度使型纸本身作为线的艺术震动了世纪末的欧洲。

镂刻出的连续纹样 / 柿涩纸的褐色 / 发丝般细的平行条纹雕 / 正负形的设计

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: kiribori, dogubori and shimabori / the relation to Edo komon / the influence on fin-de-siècle Vienna
相关词条: Japonisme / Adire

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378

E-Sugoroku

絵双六 / Edo period– / Layout / Games and Play

把一张纸分割成由格子构成的故事的日本绘双六。以螺旋式进程编排的出人头地与参拜巡礼，显示出双六图纸乃是信息设计与游戏界面的祖先。

螺旋式或散点式进程 / 每一格一个场景 / 起点与终点 / 承载于一张纸上的叙事

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: round and jumping sugoroku / career sugoroku and its social vision / Meiji educational sugoroku
相关词条: Hanafuda / Ukiyo-e

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379

Provoke

プロヴォーク / 1968–1970 / Style / Photography Movements

《挑衅》杂志的宣言：为思想提供挑衅性的材料。粗劣、模糊、失焦——把粗粒、晃动与虚焦当作方法——剥去了摄影整洁的意义，夺回观看的生猛。

粗砺的颗粒（are） / 被肯定的晃动与虚焦 / 高反差的黑 / 碎片式的取景

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Takuma Nakahira / Daido Moriyama's Farewell Photography / Koji Taki's theory
相关词条: Japanese Realism Photography / Angura Poster

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380

Typology Photography

タイポロジー写真 / 1959– / Style / Photography Movements

贝歇夫妇的方法：在相同条件下拍摄同类构筑物，再以网格并置悬挂。阴天的光、严格的正面性与无人的重复，把个体变为类型——经由杜塞尔多夫成为当代摄影的语法。

网格式的呈现 / 阴天的均匀光线 / 严格的正面性 / 以重复实现类型化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Bechers' water towers / the Düsseldorf academy / Gursky, Struth and Ruff
相关词条: New Topographics / New Objectivity Photography

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381

New Color Photography

ニューカラー / 1976– / Style / Photography Movements

由埃格尔斯顿的 MoMA 个展获得正名的日常彩色艺术摄影。染料转印的浓度赋予平庸场景以分量，推翻了「彩色即庸俗」的成规。

无名的日常场景 / 染料转印的饱和度 / 随意的斜向构图 / 红色的强度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Eggleston's Guide / Stephen Shore / Joel Meyerowitz
相关词条: New Topographics / Snapshot Aesthetic

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382

The Decisive Moment

決定的瞬間 / 1932– / Style / Photography Movements

布列松的公式：形式与事件重合的那一瞬间，被作为几何捕获。徕卡的机动性与不裁切的伦理，构筑了那个世纪的报道摄影理想。

几何与事件的相遇 / 不裁切的伦理 / 小型相机的机动性 / 带黑框的全画幅

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Decisive Moment, 1952 / Magnum Photos / the puddle behind Gare Saint-Lazare
相关词条: Street Photography / Photo Essay

design.md ／图像提示词

383

Group f/64

グループf/64 / 1932–1935 / Style / Photography Movements

韦斯顿、亚当斯及其同人的纯粹摄影宣言，以 f/64 的通幅锐利为旗帜——摒弃画意派的朦胧，把大画幅的精度与丰厚的层次本身当作美。

全画面的深焦 / 大画幅的精度 / 丰厚的灰阶 / 拒绝加工的直接性

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Edward Weston / Ansel Adams's zone system / Imogen Cunningham
相关词条: Pictorialism / New Objectivity Photography

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384

Photo Essay

フォトエッセイ / 1936–1972 / Layout / Photography and Publishing

《生活》杂志臻于完善的版面形式：把照片编辑成叙事的起伏。跨页上的尺寸对比、开篇与收尾的图片，以及图说的语气，赋予摄影一套叙事的语法。

序列化的叙事起伏 / 跨页上的大小对比 / 整版的主图 / 叙事性的图片说明

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Eugene Smith's Country Doctor / LIFE's layout department / the international picture magazines
相关词条: The Decisive Moment / Photobook

design.md ／图像提示词

385

FSA Documentary

FSAドキュメンタリー / 1935–1944 / Style / Photography Movements

大萧条时期美国农业安全局的纪实摄影计划。兰格的《移民母亲》与二十七万张归档底片，界定了纪实摄影的公共角色。

保全尊严的肖像 / 被记述的生活状况 / 作为国家工程的档案 / 图说中的现场信息

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Roy Stryker's shooting scripts / Walker Evans / Yale's Photogrammar
相关词条: Photo Essay / WPA Poster

design.md ／图像提示词

386

Japanese Realism Photography

リアリズム写真運動 / 1950–1958 / Style / Photography Movements

土门拳以「绝对非摆布、绝对抓拍」为旗号领导的战后日本运动。《广岛》与《筑丰的孩子们》直面社会，并把业余者的月度公募赛也卷入摄影与生活的重新连接。

非摆布的原则 / 正面直视的社会题材 / 贴近的广角拍摄 / 颗粒粗砺的照片

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Domon Ken's Hiroshima / the Camera magazine monthlies / the contrast with Kimura Ihei
相关词条: Provoke / Street Photography

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387

Lomography

ロモグラフィー / 1992– / Style / Photographic Genres

把苏联 LC-A 玩具相机的意外升格为宪法的运动：暗角、偏色与交叉冲洗的浓艳，在十条规则与「不要想，只管拍」之下获得肯定——后数码时代模拟之爱的先锋。

浓重的暗角 / 交叉冲洗的偏色 / 多重曝光的偶然 / 从腰际盲拍

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the ten golden rules / the Vienna origin / toy camera culture (Holga, Diana)
相关词条: Snapshot Aesthetic / Instant Photography

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388

Daguerreotype

ダゲレオタイプ / 1839–1860s / Technique / Photographic Printing

把影像直接定影于镀银版上的第一种实用摄影：绒面盒中左右反转的孤本影像——拥有一幅图像这件事的起点。

如镜的银版 / 左右反转的孤本影像 / 如珠宝般的装盒呈现 / 近乎刺痛的细节

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Daguerre's announcement, 1839 / its arrival in Japan / contemporary daguerreotypists
相关词条: Cyanotype / Carte de Visite

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389

Instant Photography

インスタント写真 / 1948– / Technique / Photographic Printing

宝丽来那种影像当场浮现的体验：白边的方画幅、温柔的化学色彩与独一无二的物质感——数码之后仍以拍立得延续下来的亲密。

白边的方画幅 / 温柔漂移的色彩 / 等待显影的时间 / 独一无二的物质感

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Edwin Land's SX-70 / Warhol's Polaroids / Fujifilm's Instax
相关词条: Lomography / Snapshot Aesthetic

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390

Stereograph

ステレオ写真 / 1850s–1930s / Style / Photography and Publishing

十九世纪最大的图像媒介：成对的照片经立体镜观看。批量生产的卡片把环球旅行带进客厅——VR 之前的沉浸装置。

成对的双幅影像 / 弯曲的卡纸托板 / 背面的说明文字 / 成系列的收集

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Holmes viewer / Underwood & Underwood's world tours / the return in VR
相关词条: Carte de Visite / Panorama

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391

Carte de Visite

名刺判写真 / 1854–1900s / Style / Photography and Publishing

迪斯德里取得专利的名片尺寸肖像：一版八姿使肖像平民化，名人卡片与相册文化又造就了被共享的面孔——个人头像的祖先。

名片尺寸的卡纸 / 全身的影棚姿势 / 背面的照相馆标志 / 相册式的收集

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Disdéri's patent / the celebrity card trade / the lineage to social avatars
相关词条: Daguerreotype / Stereograph

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392

Spirit Photography

心霊写真 / 1862–1930s / Style / Photographic Genres

十九世纪以二次曝光制造幽灵的手艺，从穆勒为林肯遗孀所拍的肖像到降神会热潮——一种以人们对摄影证据的信仰为食的媒介欺骗风格。

半透明叠印的人影 / 与遗像合成的画面 / 降神会记录的形式 / 被搬演出的证据性

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Mumler trial of 1869 / the Crewe Circle / the history of photographic evidence
相关词条: Staged Photography / Analog Horror

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393

Snapshot Aesthetic

スナップショット美学 / 1888– / 1960s art adoption / Style / Photographic Genres

把业余摄影的失误——倾斜、被截断的取景、平板的闪光——当作自觉风格加以采纳的美学。从维诺格兰德到戈尔丁，相册式的亲密成了艺术的语法。

倾斜的取景 / 被画框切断的主体 / 直打的闪光灯 / 相册般的亲密

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Kodak's 'You press the button' / Nan Goldin / collecting vernacular photography
相关词条: Street Photography / Lomography

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394

Fashion Photography

ファッション写真 / 1911– / Style / Photographic Genres

从德梅耶的光晕、佩恩的无缝背景到阿维顿的跳跃：一边售卖服装、一边发明每个时代身体形象的摄影，影棚灯光与版面裁切即是它的实验室。

无缝背景的抽象空间 / 经过设计的人工光 / 被发明出来的姿势 / 为版面而生的裁切

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Adolf de Meyer / Irving Penn / Richard Avedon
相关词条: Pictorialism / Fashion Plate

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395

Aerial Photography

航空写真 / 1858– / Style / Photographic Genres

始于纳达尔气球的俯瞰：把城市变为图形的垂直视线，经由测绘与战争走向作为抽象的风景，再延伸到卫星与无人机。

作为图形的垂直视角 / 由影子勾勒的地形 / 网格状的城市 / 没有人的尺度

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Nadar's balloon / the growth of aerial survey / satellite and drone aesthetics
相关词条: Hatsusaburō Panoramic Map / New Topographics

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396

Photomicrography

顕微鏡写真 / 1840s– / Technique / Photographic Genres

拍摄肉眼不可见之微小结构的科学摄影。本特利的雪花证明了科学影像也可以是美的——今天则在 Nikon Small World 的偏光色彩与荧光中延续。

超出视力的结构 / 黑底上的标本 / 偏光与荧光的色彩 / 对称带来的惊奇

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Wilson Bentley / the color of polarized light / the Nikon Small World contest
相关词条: Natural History Plate / Astrophotography

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397

Astrophotography

天体写真 / 1840– / Technique / Photographic Genres

从惠普尔的月球银版照片到哈勃的《创生之柱》：长时间曝光与观测仪器把不可见的宇宙化为图像——关于伪色的抉择，设计着公众心中的宇宙形象本身。

长曝光的星野 / 透过仪器成像 / 经过设计的伪色 / 尺度所带来的崇高

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Whipple and the Harvard Observatory / Hubble Heritage color policy / amateur astrophotography culture
相关词条: Celestial Atlas / Photomicrography

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398

Purikura

プリクラ / 1995– / Style / Photographic Genres

日本的大头贴文化：涂鸦、「盛」式美颜与放大眼睛的修饰，加上可分送的微型贴纸，早在社交媒体出现之前就完成了「编辑后分享」的自拍语法。

「盛」与放大眼睛的修饰 / 涂鸦与图章 / 可分送的微型贴纸 / 拍照亭的布光

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Print Club, 1995 / studies of mori culture / the lineage to selfie filters
相关词条: Kawaii / Instant Photography

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399

Karesansui

枯山水 / Muromachi period– / Style / Garden Styles

日本的枯山水：仅以耙出纹路的白砂与石组呈现水景与宇宙。龙安寺的十五块石头——以减法完成的构图——至今仍是被世界各地极简主义所引用的「设计出的空」的原型。

白砂纹路暗示的水 / 不对称的石组 / 自缘侧望去的固定视点 / 彻底的减法

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the fifteen stones of Ryōan-ji / Musō Soseki / Mirei Shigemori's modern dry gardens
相关词条: Moss Garden / Sumi-e

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400

Kaiyū Strolling Garden

回遊式庭園 / Edo period– / Style / Garden Styles

大名的回游式庭园：随着沿园路的每一步，景色被逐一编辑入眼——以水池为中心，配以桥、假山与茶屋——移动本身即是被设计的媒介，是带有时间轴的空间。

边走边变的景致 / 以水池为中心的构成 / 藏与露的经营 / 缩景中的名胜

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Kenroku-en, Kōraku-en and Kairaku-en / Koishikawa Kōraku-en / the design of sequence
相关词条: Shakkei (Borrowed Scenery) / Sukiya Style

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401

Roji (Tea Garden)

露地 / 16th century– / Style / Garden Styles

既是庭园也是道路：通往茶室的一段路径。飞石、蹲踞与中门调节步履与心境——闹市之中的山居，连抵达的时间也一并设计。

飞石控制的步速 / 蹲踞水钵 / 外露地与内露地的过渡 / 闹市中的山居

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Rikyū's view of the roji / the placing of stepping stones / the path to Tai-an
相关词条: Sukiya Style / Moss Garden

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402

Moss Garden

苔庭 / 14th century– / Style / Garden Styles

由时间与湿度养成的庭园，以西芳寺为典型，百余种苔藓铺满地面——仅以绿的浓淡构成的表面，正是照料与放任之间平衡的明证。

苔的浓淡层次 / 经过设计的斑驳光影 / 以时间为主要材料 / 湿度的存在感

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Saihō-ji / the moss species palette / the keeping of sugi-goke
相关词条: Karesansui / Roji (Tea Garden)

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403

Shakkei (Borrowed Scenery)

借景 / 17th century– / Technique / Garden Styles

借来的风景：把园外的山林纳入构图，以绿篱与树木为框——取景思维中最大胆的一种，用并不属于自己的风景来做设计。

被收摄的远景 / 以绿篱取框 / 中景的消隐 / 把外部纳入的构图

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Entsū-ji and Mount Hiei / the Sakuteiki / urbanization and endangered borrowed views
相关词条: Kaiyū Strolling Garden / Chinese Scholar Garden

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404

English Landscape Garden

イングリッシュ・ランドスケープ・ガーデン / 1720s–1800s / Style / Garden Styles

十八世纪英国的一场革命：舍弃几何，造出宛如天然的景致——起伏的草坡、蜿蜒的湖面、远处的神庙。以土地本身筑成的画，也是公共公园的原型。

起伏的草坡与湖面 / 神庙与园林小品 / 隐而不见的哈哈墙 / 一连串如画的景观序列

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Capability Brown / William Kent / the Picturesque debate
相关词条: French Formal Garden / Cottage Garden

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405

French Formal Garden

フランス式整形庭園 / 17th century– / Style / Garden Styles

勒诺特尔在凡尔赛臻于完美的庭园：轴线、对称与透视，自然被剪刀与流水驯服为几何——权力以空间秩序的形式被看见。

通向灭点的轴线 / 严格的对称 / 修剪出的几何 / 水镜与大运河

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: André Le Nôtre / Vaux-le-Vicomte / the politics of perspective
相关词条: English Landscape Garden / Parterre

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406

Italian Renaissance Garden

イタリア式庭園 / 15th–17th century / Style / Garden Styles

由台地、阶梯、水渠与喷泉构成的文艺复兴庭园。埃斯特庄园的百泉是水的工程艺术，以重力为设计材料。

台地式坡地 / 水阶梯与喷泉 / 轴线与雕像 / 经过设计的眺望

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Villa d'Este / the Boboli Gardens / hydraulic spectacle
相关词条: French Formal Garden / Palladianism

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407

Persian Garden

ペルシャ庭園 / 6th century BC– / Style / Garden Styles

四分园（chahar bagh）的源头，由十字水渠划分为四：以水与荫为材、与沙漠对抗的围墙乐园。它赋予了“天堂”一词以含义，也从伊斯兰世界到莫卧儿留下了庭园的原型。

以水作四分 / 轴线上的水池与水渠 / 围墙中的乐园 / 浓荫的林荫道

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the chahar bagh structure / Pasargadae / qanat water engineering
相关词条: Mughal Garden / Islamic Geometric Pattern

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408

Mughal Garden

ムガル庭園 / 16th–18th century / Style / Garden Styles

放大到帝国尺度的四分园：层层跌落的水渠与白色大理石亭阁，在夏利马尔园与泰姬陵实现了建筑与庭园的彻底融合。

层层跌落的水渠 / 映在水中的白色大理石 / 对称的林荫道 / 陵墓与庭园合一

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Shalamar Gardens / the Taj Mahal's fourfold garden / the staging of water
相关词条: Persian Garden / Mughal Miniature

design.md ／图像提示词

409

Chinese Scholar Garden

中国文人庭園 / Song dynasty– / Style / Garden Styles

在苏州结晶的文人园：把山水画立体地造出来。太湖石作峰、花窗如画框、回廊转折，将无尽景致折叠进方寸之地。

太湖石为峰 / 花窗与月洞门作框 / 曲折的回廊 / 层叠的咫尺山林

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Humble Administrator's Garden / the aesthetics of Taihu stones / gardens and shan-shui painting
相关词条: Shakkei (Borrowed Scenery) / Bonsai

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410

Korean Garden

韓国庭園 / Joseon dynasty– / Style / Garden Styles

以昌德宫后苑为典型的朝鲜庭园，尽量不动土方：亭榭安放在天然的谷地与池畔——东亚的另一种理想，以克制来做设计。

地形一仍其旧 / 方池圆岛 / 散点布置的亭榭 / 被克制的人工

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Huwon of Changdeokgung / the square-pond cosmology / siting and pungsu
相关词条: Chinese Scholar Garden / Minhwa

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411

Cottage Garden

コテージガーデン / 19th century– / Style / Garden Styles

植物混栽满溢而出的英国庭园，由实用的菜圃升华而成。杰基尔的配色与西辛赫斯特的白色花园，把刻意为之的“不加雕琢”提升为艺术。

满溢的混合种植 / 小径与风化的材料 / 经过设计的色带 / 刻意经营的天然

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Gertrude Jekyll / Vita Sackville-West / border color theory
相关词条: English Landscape Garden / Cottagecore

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412

Topiary

トピアリー / Roman era– / 17th century peak / Technique / Garden Styles

植物的雕塑：把常绿树修剪成几何形与鸟兽，数十年的生长被计入设计之中——一切雕塑技法中最慢的一种。

修剪出的几何 / 鸟兽与纹章图形 / 常绿树的致密 / 以数十年为工期

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Levens Hall since the 1690s / the Roman topiarius / the modern topiary revival
相关词条: Parterre / Hedge Maze

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413

Hedge Maze

迷路園 / 16th century– / Layout / Garden Styles

以绿篱编织路径的游戏之园。自汉普顿宫的梯形迷宫以来，便有把“迷路”当作娱乐来设计的传统——一道空间的谜题。

绿篱围合的通路 / 自上方才显现的图形 / 刻意设置的死胡同 / 位于中心的终点

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Hampton Court maze / church floor labyrinths / maze-design algorithms
相关词条: Topiary / French Formal Garden

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414

Naturalistic Planting — ハイラインの植栽（CC BY-SA 4.0）

Naturalistic Planting

自然主義プランティング / 1990s– / Style / Garden Styles

以宿根草甸生态为范本的种植设计，由皮特·奥多夫领衔：把美延伸到冬日枯萎的花序上，这一贯穿四季的构想自高线公园起改写了城市公共空间。

宿根草与禾草群落 / 枯萎之美 / 漂移状的种植团块 / 以生态为范本

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Piet Oudolf / the High Line / the New Perennial movement
相关词条: Cottage Garden / Garden City

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415

Bonsai

盆栽 / Heian period– / Style / Botanical Arts

日本的活体雕塑：把古木的景致浓缩于一盆之中。干姿、枝盘与根盘的样式语汇，加上代代相传的养护，使时间本身成为作品。

盆中的缩微景致 / 干姿与枝盘 / 根盘与古锈 / 跨越世代的养护

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Ōmiya Bonsai Village / penjing and the Chinese lineage / John Naka and the diaspora
相关词条: Ikebana / Chinese Scholar Garden

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416

Ikebana

生け花 / 15th century– / Style / Botanical Arts

日本的花之艺术：以植物的线条与虚空构成空间。从池坊的立花到自由花，让花活着的这门手艺始终是一部关于不对称与留白的教科书。

以线条构成 / 不对称的均衡 / 经营出的虚空 / 接纳时令与凋零

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Ikenobō Sen'ō Kuden / Sōgetsu and avant-garde ikebana / the contrast with Western floristry
相关词条: Bonsai / Mingei

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417

Parterre

パルテール（刺繍花壇） / 17th century– / Layout / Garden Styles

刺绣般的花坛：黄杨绿篱在地面缝出蔓草纹样，专为从楼上俯读而设计——把地面本身变成装饰，园艺即平面设计。

黄杨的蔓草纹 / 作底色的砾石与草坪 / 为俯瞰而作 / 对称的展开

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: broderie patterns / the Mollet dynasty / Victorian carpet bedding
相关词条: French Formal Garden / Topiary

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418

Burle Marx Landscape

ブルレ・マルクスの景観 / 1930s–1994 / Style / Garden Styles

现代主义景观的发明者，把巴西的热带植物像抽象绘画那样团块化为色域。正如科帕卡巴纳的波浪铺装所示，他把地面当作一整幅平面作品来设计。

作为色域的种植 / 平面上的有机曲线 / 热带的色彩 / 作为平面设计的铺装

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Copacabana promenade / Brasília's landscapes / his botanical expeditions
相关词条: Latin American Modernism / Naturalistic Planting

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419

Neume Notation

ネウマ譜 / 9th century– / Style / Notation Systems

西方最古老的乐谱：用手势般的曲线记录旋律的起伏。那是音高被固定到线上之前的旋律姿态，至今仍活在格里高利圣咏的手抄本中。

作为旋律姿态的曲线 / 四线谱与方形音符 / 手抄本的红与黑 / 浮在歌词之上的记号

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the St. Gall manuscripts / the Solesmes restoration / from neumes to square notation
相关词条: Staff Notation / Illuminated Manuscript

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420

Staff Notation

五線譜 / 11th century– / Style / Notation Systems

从圭多的线到五线谱：音高被固定在坐标之上。时间自左向右流动，高低上下对应——这是信息设计中寿命最长的格式，已连续使用一千年。

五条线的坐标系 / 自左向右流动的时间 / 谱号与调号 / 切分时间的小节线

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Guido of Arezzo / mensural notation / the craft of music engraving
相关词条: Neume Notation / Sheet Music Cover

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421

Graphic Notation

図形楽譜 / 1950s– / Style / Notation Systems

凯奇与卡迪尤舍弃五线谱后画出的乐谱：形状、线条、地图般的页面。它把演奏交给解释而非指令，乐谱本身遂成为视觉艺术。

被舍弃的五线谱 / 以形与线下达指示 / 向解释敞开的页面 / 作为作品的乐谱

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Cage's Fontana Mix / Cardew's Treatise / Toshi Ichiyanagi and Japanese graphic scores
相关词条: Staff Notation / Concrete Poetry

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422

Tablature — ダウランド『First Booke of Songes』1597 リュート譜

Tablature

タブラチュア / 15th century– / Style / Notation Systems

从演奏者视角出发的记谱：不问是什么音，只问手指去哪里。从鲁特琴的字母谱到吉他TAB，是一条把身体动作直接编码的实用记谱谱系。

弦与品的网格 / 标示指位的字母与数字 / 因乐器而异的格式 / 被直接编码的动作

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Renaissance lute tablature / organ tablature / the modern revival of guitar TAB
相关词条: Staff Notation / Mola

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423

Shape Note

シェイプノート / 1801– / Style / Notation Systems

为加快视唱而把符头改成三角形、方形与菱形的美国圣咏记谱法。《神圣竖琴》曲集与集体歌唱，使记谱设计成为社群的工具。

形状各异的符头 / fa-sol-la唱名法 / 四声部曲集的排版 / 围成方阵歌唱

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: The Sacred Harp, 1844 / the singing-school tradition / the Little and Smith four-shape system
相关词条: Staff Notation / Sheet Music Cover

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424

Player Piano Roll

自動ピアノロール / 1896–1930s / Style / Notation Systems

卷筒纸的媒介，打出的孔本身即是演奏。这是从人所阅读的乐谱转向机器所阅读的代码的转折点——打孔卡与数字音序器的祖先。

成排的穿孔 / 滚动前进的纸卷 / 机器可读的音乐 / 被物理记录下来的演奏

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Welte-Mignon / Gershwin's own rolls / the lineage to MIDI
相关词条: Barcode & QR / Ise Katagami

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425

Spectrogram

スペクトログラム / 1940s– / Technique / Diagrammatic Expression

把声音映射到时间、频率与强度构成的平面上。从鸟鸣研究到DAW界面，这是观看声音形态的标准方式——还附带着把图像藏在其中的艺术家们。

时间—频率平面 / 以明暗表示强度 / 声纹的图样 / 藏图的玩法

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Bell Labs voiceprint research / ornithology's sonograms / Aphex Twin's hidden faces
相关词条: Cymatics / Photomicrography

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426

Cymatics

サイマティクス / 1787– / Technique / Diagrammatic Expression

把声音当作物质的图案来观看，始自克拉尼在振动板上做出的沙图：每一个频率都浮现出相应的几何——见证声与形之对应关系的最古老装置。

克拉尼图形 / 沙与粉末中的驻波 / 每个频率一种图案 / 装置的直接性

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Chladni's experiments of 1787 / Hans Jenny's coinage / contemporary sound-visualization artists
相关词条: Spectrogram / Generative Art

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427

Dance Notation — ラバノーテーションの譜面（CC BY-SA 2.0）

Dance Notation

舞踊譜 / 1700– / 1928 Laban / Style / Notation Systems

把身体动作固定到纸上的谱系，从弗耶的巴洛克舞谱到拉班舞谱，后者以纵向的谱表把重心、方向与时间折进一列之中——一套动作的字母表。

沿纵向谱表上行的时间 / 方向符号的纵列 / 分列的身体部位 / 被抽象化的运动轨迹

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Feuillet notation, 1700 / Rudolf Laban / comparison with Benesh notation
相关词条: Graphic Notation / Bauhaus Stage

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428

Origami Diagram

折り図 / 1950s– / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

由吉泽章系统化的虚线与箭头语言，用以把立体的折叠写在平面的纸页上。山折与谷折跨越语言而被读懂，折痕图也成了数学的对象。

山折与谷折的线型 / 指引每一步的箭头 / 循序展开的分步图解 / 折痕图的几何

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Yoshizawa and the Yoshizawa-Randlett system / Robert Lang's computational origami / the diagrams' international legibility
相关词条: Blueprint / Jianzhi (Chinese Paper Cutting)

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429

Knitting Chart

編み図 / 19th century– / Style / Notation Systems

针的乐谱：把针法编码为方格上的符号。日本的JIS针法符号把每一个动作压缩成一个图形——先看见再读懂的设计，与西方文字化的说明形成对照。

针法符号的方格 / 一针一符号 / 行与针目的坐标 / 与成品织物的对应

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: JIS stitch symbols / Western written patterns / Fair Isle charting culture
相关词条: Tablature / Mola

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430

Braille

点字 / 1824– / Style / Symbol Systems

路易·布莱叶十五岁时设计的触觉文字：每个字母都容于二乘三的点位方格，尺寸恰合指尖——人体工学与字体设计罕见地精确重合的一项发明。

2×3的点位方格 / 贴合指尖的尺寸 / 自左向右的触读 / 凸压的物质感

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Louis Braille / Barbier's night writing / Japanese braille (Kuraji Ishikawa)
相关词条: Emoji / Pictogram System

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431

Signal Flags

国際信号旗 / 1857– / Style / Symbol Systems

在海上拼写字母与固定语句的旗语体系。纯为远距离可辨而选定的高对比几何，成就了一部由功能催生的抽象杰作集。

高对比的几何 / 为远距离而设计 / 一旗一字母 / 升至桅顶的旗列

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the International Code of Signals / the Trafalgar signal / use alongside semaphore
相关词条: Heraldry / Pictogram System

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432

Weather Map

天気図 / 1851– / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

用等压线、锋面符号与天气符号把大气画在一张纸上。以曲线的疏密让看不见的气压场变得可见，从报纸到电视，成为大众所见的科学图形。

等压线的疏密 / 冷锋与暖锋符号 / 天气符号体系 / 标注出的高压与低压

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: FitzRoy's charts / international weather symbols / the design history of TV weather maps
相关词条: Celestial Atlas / Schematic Transit Diagram

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433

Circuit Diagram

回路図 / 1890s– / Style / Diagrammatic Expression

工程学的语言：标准化符号加正交线条。它舍弃实际位置，只记录连接关系——一种比地铁线路图还要早的拓扑制图。

标准化的元件符号 / 正交的走线 / 连接点的圆点 / 从实际布局中抽离

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the IEC 60617 symbols / learning to read schematics / the division of labor with PCB layout
相关词条: Blueprint / Flowchart

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434

Flowchart

フローチャート / 1921– / Layout / Diagrammatic Expression

吉尔布雷斯夫妇为工作分析而发明的工序图。形状的语法——菱形表判断、矩形表处理——经由编程流传，成为分步思考的通用语言。

形状的语法 / 表示判断的菱形 / 指示流向的箭头 / 起止端点符

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Gilbreths' ASME paper, 1921 / ISO 5807 / its rise and fall in software design
相关词条: Circuit Diagram / Schematic Transit Diagram

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435

Barcode & QR

バーコードとQRコード / 1974 / 1994– / Style / Symbol Systems

以条纹与方格印刷的机器可读图形。电装（DENSO WAVE）的二维码用三个角上的定位图形解决了方向问题——受围棋棋盘与网点启发、为被读取而生的图案，如今已成日常风景的一部分。

以宽窄编码的条纹 / 三个角上的定位图形 / 纠错带来的冗余 / 为机器而生的图案

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Woodland's circular barcode / Masahiro Hara's QR development / designer QR codes, for better or worse
相关词条: Player Piano Roll / Pixel Art

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436

Care Symbols

洗濯表示 / 1958– / Style / Symbol Systems

以水盆、三角形、方形、圆形四个图形跨越国界的符号体系。洗涤、漂白、干燥与熨烫被压缩在几毫米的标签上：面积最小的信息设计。

水盆、三角形、方形与圆形 / 表示禁止的叉与表示温度的圆点 / 压缩到毫米之内 / 国际标准化

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: ISO 3758 / Japan's 2016 label changeover / national differences in symbols
相关词条: Pictogram System / Emoji

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437

Alchemical Symbols

錬金術記号 / medieval–18th century / Style / Symbol Systems

在保密与共享之间记录物质与操作的记号。把行星与金属相系的体系已消融进化学符号，却作为神秘的图形留存下来，至今仍被引用。

行星与金属的对应 / 以十字构成的几何 / 近乎密码的隐秘 / 代代相传的对照表

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Newton's alchemical notebooks / the turn to Dalton's symbols / quotation in modern occult imagery
相关词条: Heraldry / Celestial Atlas

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438

Proofreading Marks

校正記号 / 16th century– / Technique / Composition Technology

在与页边的对话中修改排版页面的记号语言。删除与恢复的往返，西方实践中的 dele 与 stet——每一个排好的页面背后都立着这套编辑协议，本辞典的页面亦然。

连接正文与页边的引线 / 删除与恢复的往返 / 插入与调换的记号 / 红色的层级

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: JIS Z 8208 proofreading marks / dele and stet / the migration to digital proofing
相关词条: Penguin Cover System / Flowchart

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439

Aqua

アクア / 2000–2014 / Style / Apple UI

Mac OS X 那套“让人想舔一口”的设计语言：果冻般的高光按钮、细条纹底纹、深阴影与精灵效果，把数字部件搬演为可触摸之物——由此界定了整个 2000 年代的界面。

果冻质感的高光按钮 / 细条纹的底 / 浓重的投影 / 水与光的隐喻

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Mac OS X Public Beta, 2000 / Jobs's 'lick it' line / the return in Liquid Glass
相关词条: Skeuomorphism / Liquid Glass

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440

Luna

ルナ / 2001–2006 / Style / Microsoft UI

Windows XP 的外观：蓝色任务栏、绿色开始按钮、圆角窗口，加上一张草原壁纸，把灰扑扑的办公机器重新刷成家庭式的乐观。

蓝色的任务栏 / 绿色的开始按钮 / 圆角的边框 / 草原与蓝天的乐观

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Windows XP, 2001 / the Bliss wallpaper / the Olive and Silver themes
相关词条: Aqua / Aero

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441

Aero

エアロ / 2006–2012 / Style / Microsoft UI

Vista 与 7 的半透明玻璃界面：磨砂窗框、实时缩略图与 GPU 合成的深度，让「透过玻璃观看」成为操作系统的标准语汇。

磨砂窗框 / 反射与高光 / 实时缩略图 / GPU 合成的深度

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Windows Vista, 2006 / the Aero Glass guidelines / the return in glassmorphism
相关词条: Luna / Glassmorphism

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442

Metro

メトロ / 2010–2015 / Style / Microsoft UI

Windows Phone 的扁平语言，让文字取代图标成为主角：巨大的字体排印、纯色动态磁贴与延伸出屏幕之外的构图——把交通标识般的清晰带进界面，早于 iOS 7 开启了扁平化时代。

以文字为主角 / 纯色磁贴 / 延伸出屏幕的构图 / 取消界面装饰框

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: from Zune HD to Windows Phone 7 / the transit-signage influence behind the name / the inheritance into Fluent
相关词条: Flat Design / Vector Minimalism / Swiss

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443

Brushed Metal

ブラシドメタル / 1999–2007 / Style / Apple UI

iTunes 与 Safari 的拉丝金属窗口：拟物设计的一支，以材质诉说应用的用途，把专业器材的可靠感带上桌面。

拉丝金属表面 / 铆钉般的细节 / 器材的隐喻 / 灰色调阶

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: QuickTime 4, 1999 / the appliance feel of iTunes and Safari / the HIG debates over its use
相关词条: Aqua / Skeuomorphism

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444

Vorticism

ヴォーティシズム / 1914–1918 / Style / Avant-garde

在杂志《BLAST》上引爆的英国先锋派：机器切削般的斜线、粗钝的厚重字体，以及诅咒与祝福的名单，把字体排印变成一纸宣战书。

机器切削般的斜线 / 粗钝的厚重字体 / 「诅咒／祝福」名单 / 漩涡的动势

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Wyndham Lewis / Ezra Pound / the difference from Futurism
相关词条: Italian Futurism / Constructivism

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445

CoBrA

コブラ / 1948–1951 / Style / International Avant-garde

串联哥本哈根、布鲁塞尔与阿姆斯特丹的战后先锋派：儿童画与民间艺术般的直接、以原色粗笔涂抹的怪兽——对精致的不信任被铸成一种国际风格。

儿童画般的直接 / 粗笔涂抹的怪兽 / 相互碰撞的原色 / 拒绝预先构思

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Karel Appel / Asger Jorn / the journal Cobra
相关词条: Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism) / Naïve

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446

East German Design

東ドイツのデザイン / 1949–1990 / Style / Regional Graphics

计划经济下民主德国的日常设计：匮乏催生的塑料式简朴、毫无修饰的国营广告，以及 DEFA 电影海报的抒情——一个消失国家的风格，如今被重新评价。

限制催生的简朴 / 毫无修饰的国营广告 / 塑料的色彩 / 抒情的电影海报

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the DEFA poster artists / the Sonnenblume tableware / Ostalgie and reappraisal
相关词条: Brussels Style / Ulm School (HfG Ulm)

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447

Emigre

エミグレ / 1984–2005 / Style / Digital Typography

在麦金塔登场的瞬间就把数字的粗糙变成美学的杂志与字体铸造厂：点阵字体、相互碰撞的图层，以及对「难读」的辩护，置身 1990 年代设计论争的中心。

点阵字体 / 相互碰撞的图层 / 每期一次实验 / 对可读性的挑衅

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Zuzana Licko's typefaces / Rudy VanderLans / the Emigre debates
相关词条: Deconstructivism / Grunge

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448

Modern American Book Jacket

アメリカ近代ブックジャケット / 1940s–1950s / Style / Publishing and Editing

拉斯蒂格在 New Directions 建立的护封风格：以符号与抽象暗示内容，而非借助插图，把文学书封变成小型的现代艺术作品，抬升了战后美国的书籍设计。

对内容的抽象暗示 / 符号与形状的构成 / 手写字与铅字并用 / 系列的整体一致

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Alvin Lustig / the New Directions series / Paul Rand's jackets
相关词条: Penguin Cover System / Surrealism

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449

Japanese Book Design (Sōtei)

装丁 / 1900s– / Style / Book Arts

把书作为工艺品来设计的日本传统，从竹久梦二的乐谱封面到恩地孝四郎的抽象：书套、环衬、题签与头带作为一个整体设计——一本先被握在手中、然后才被阅读的书。

书套与题签的设计 / 环衬与头带的用色 / 版画家绘制的封面画 / 为手感而选的纸

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Onchi Kōshirō's Shosō / Takehisa Yumeji's bindings / contemporary designers like Kikuchi Nobuyoshi
相关词条: Private Press / Shin-Hanga

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450

MUJI

無印良品 / 1980– / Style / Contemporary Branding

以「有理由的便宜」起步的无名之牌：削去装饰与标识的展示，直到只剩下材料与工序的理由——从田中一光到原研哉，一种「这样就好」的美学。

素色与无漂白的克制 / 说明性标签的语气 / 拒绝展示标识 / 袒露的材料与工序

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Ikko Tanaka's early art direction / Kenya Hara's emptiness / MUJI's unnamed things
相关词条: Mingei / Minimalism

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451

Shōwa Modern

昭和モダン / 1920s–1930s / Style / Advertising Posters

以杉浦非水为三越百货和地铁绘制的海报为代表的战前日本商业现代主义：装饰艺术与日本画的交叉、摩登女郎的都市与考究的美术字，描绘出消费文化的黎明。

装饰艺术与日本画的交叉 / 摩登女郎的都市 / 风格化的美术字 / 百货公司与轨道交通

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Sugiura Hisui and Mitsukoshi / NIPPON magazine and Natori Yōnosuke / the reappraisal of prewar commercial art
相关词条: Art Deco / Postwar Japanese Poster

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452

Yuefenpai

月份牌 / 1910s–1940s / Style / Advertising Posters

上海的月份牌广告画：以擦笔水彩柔和渲染的旗袍美人，同时兜售香烟、化妆品与一份日历——这种中西合璧的商业人物形象重绘了东亚的视觉文化。

擦笔水彩的柔润肌肤 / 旗袍美人 / 月历与商品同框 / 中西合璧的室内

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hang Zhiying's studio / the rub-and-paint technique / the socialist-era break and revival
相关词条: Shōwa Modern / Golden Age Travel Poster

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453

Indian Calendar Art

インドのカレンダー・アート / 1894– / Style / Popular Prints

始于拉维·瓦尔马印刷厂的量产神像：以油画描绘的神话被制成石印彩画送进家庭，至今仍作为集市画大量印制，塑造着印度日常的视觉。

神祇的正面性 / 油画式的明暗与装饰 / 浓艳的节庆色彩 / 月历与广告的边框

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: the Ravi Varma Press / bazaar art distribution / citation by contemporary artists
相关词条: Yuefenpai / Hand-Painted Bollywood Poster

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454

Tiki Style

ティキ・スタイル / 1934–1960s / revival / Aesthetic / Pop

由美国的酒吧与餐厅想象出来的波利尼西亚：木雕、竹材、火炬与迈泰酒杯，为战后的逃避主义造型——一种南洋幻想，须与其挪用太平洋各族文化的历史一并阅读。

提基木雕的母题 / 竹与藤的室内 / 火炬与火焰 / 热带鸡尾酒杯

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Never confuse it with real Polynesian or Micronesian cultures. This is an American fantasy; keep respect for and distinction from the sources.
延伸阅读: Don the Beachcomber, 1934 / Sven Kirsten's The Book of Tiki / the critique of Pacific appropriation
相关词条: Googie / Tapa (Barkcloth)

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455

Manga Lettering

漫画の描き文字 / 1930s– / Style / Letterform Expression

日本漫画中手绘的拟声字——「咚（don）」「寂（shiin）」——把声响乃至沉默都写成图画。它把声音的质感翻译为线条的粗细与形状，在格子之内消解了文字与图像的边界。

被画成形状的声音 / 与质感相配的线条粗细 / 跨越分格的排布 / 连沉默也被写出（shiin）

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Tezuka's sound effects / the invention of shiin / the translation problem
相关词条: Kinetic Typography / Emoji

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456

American Comic Book Style

アメリカン・コミックの様式 / 1938– / Style / Illustration Styles

由四色印刷与本戴点网点催生的夸张语法：粗黑轮廓、原色戏服、速度线与爆裂的拟声词，把美国神话印在廉价的新闻纸上。

粗黑轮廓与原色 / 本戴点网点 / 爆裂的音效字 / 夸张运动的分格

展开词条

适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Jack Kirby's dynamism / Ben-Day dots and four-color presses / the Comics Code era
相关词条: Pop Art / Pulp Magazine Cover

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457

Ligne Claire

リーニュ・クレール / 1929– / Style / Illustration Styles

埃尔热在《丁丁历险记》中确立的等粗轮廓风格：没有投影，每个元素都以相同粗细的线条描绘——一个民主的画面，把清晰本身变成了一种美学。

粗细一致的轮廓线 / 阴影的缺席 / 平涂的色彩 / 背景与人物一视同仁

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: Hergé's Tintin / Joost Swarte's naming / the contemporary clear-line lineage
相关词条: American Comic Book Style / Ukiyo-e

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Turkish Republican Poster

トルコ共和国期ポスター / 1920s–1950s / Style / Regional Graphics

几乎由伊哈普·胡卢西一人建立的共和国初期广告风格：平面化的人物、干净的色块与拉丁字母的美术字，把图形设计与国家的现代化熔为一体。

平面化的人物描绘 / 干净的色块 / 推广新的拉丁字母 / 以现代化为题材

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适用场景: Comparing primary sources and canonical works；Extracting principles that transfer to other media
字体: Observe the letters, signs and scale of reference works
版面: Extract the one structure that governs gaze and information
材料: Verify the materials and behaviors specific to era, region and process
注意: Don't reduce it to surface signs. Verify the context of era, region, technology and makers.
延伸阅读: İhap Hulusi Görey / the alphabet reform and posters / the SALT archives
相关词条: Plakatstil / Sachplakat / Iranian Poster

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459

Cubism — Juan Gris《ギターのある静物》1913 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Cubism

キュビスム / 1907–1925 / Style / Avant-garde

一场把对象从单一视点中解放出来的绘画革命，将从多个角度看到的切面重新组装在同一个平面上。分析阶段破碎的块面与低饱和的色调，继而综合阶段的报纸拼贴与字母，为二十世纪的平面设计奠定了根本前提：画面不是通向现实的窗口，而是一片建构的场域。

多重视点同时呈现 / 被分解为切面的对象 / 低饱和的土色与灰阶 / 报纸与字母的拼贴

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适用场景: Editorial layouts that fragment a subject into overlapping planes；Brand imagery that signals intellectual, constructed modernism
字体: Compact grotesques and stencil-like capitals echoing Synthetic-phase lettering
版面: Overlapping angular planes that fracture the subject; multiple viewpoints collapsed into one shallow picture space
材料: Muted ochres, umbers and greys; newsprint textures and pasted-paper edges
注意: Avoid fragmenting for decoration alone—if the planes no longer describe the subject from real viewpoints, the result reads as random shattering, not Cubism.
延伸阅读: The difference between Analytic and Synthetic Cubism / Papier collé and the introduction of type / The branching into Purism and Orphism
相关词条: Italian Futurism / Constructivism

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460

Fauvism — Henri Matisse《開いた窓、コリウール》1905 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Fauvism

フォーヴィスム / 1904–1908 / Style / Avant-garde

一场短暂的运动，把色彩从对象的描绘中割裂开来，将纯色作为平涂的色块砸向画布。笔触本身承担轮廓，相邻的补色让画面震颤。它成为此后一切把色彩当作情感装置的设计的起点。

直接挤自颜料管的纯色 / 补色直接并置 / 留白不施颜料的画底 / 兼作轮廓的粗放笔触

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适用场景: Posters and covers where saturated colour carries the whole message；Campaign visuals that need raw, immediate emotional heat
字体: Loose, brush-lettered display forms; nothing engineered or geometric
版面: Flat planes of colour locked edge to edge, with bare ground breathing between strokes
材料: Unmixed saturated pigment—vermilion, viridian, cobalt—against untouched white
注意: Avoid taming the palette or smoothing the strokes; once the colour stops clashing and vibrating, Fauvism collapses into pleasant decoration.
延伸阅读: The 'wild beasts' review at the 1905 Salon d'Automne / The relationship between colour and emotion / The development toward decorative flatness
相关词条: Expressionism / Cloisonnism

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461

Orphism — Robert Delaunay《街への同時窓》1912 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Orphism

オルフィスム / 1912–1914 / Style / Geometric Abstraction

一种把色彩与运动归还给立体主义碎片化的抽象，以同时对比的色环描绘光本身。旋转的圆盘与被折射的光谱，在静止的平面中生成时间与振动。这是最早把色彩同时对比理论转化为形式的实践之一。

同心圆与旋转的圆盘 / 按光谱顺序排列的色相 / 由交错圆弧划分的区块 / 色彩的同时对比

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适用场景: Motion identities and loading animations built from spinning colour wheels；Festival and music graphics that turn sound into chromatic rhythm
字体: Rounded geometric sans, set sparingly so the circles carry the rhythm
版面: Concentric and interlocking discs sliced by arcs, radiating from off-centre pivots
材料: Full-spectrum prismatic hues in flat, evenly saturated segments
注意: Avoid letting the discs decay into generic rainbow ornament; the arcs must follow simultaneous-contrast logic, each hue chosen against its neighbour.
延伸阅读: Chevreul's law of simultaneous contrast / The division of roles between Robert and Sonia Delaunay / The history of the term 'simultaneity'
相关词条: Cubism / Suprematism

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462

Rayonism — Mikhail Larionov《赤と青のレイヨニスム（浜辺）》1911 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Rayonism

レイヨニスム / 1912–1914 / Style / Russian Avant-garde

一种俄国抽象，宣称其题材不是物体本身，而是从物体反射出的光线的交叉。锐利的斜向线束彼此穿插，把对象消解为光的干涉图案。它标志着俄国抽象脱离立体主义的时刻。

锐利的斜向线束 / 线条交叉处形成的块面 / 对象轮廓的消失 / 有限色域的层叠

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适用场景: Kinetic-feeling key visuals for events themed on light, sound or speed；Abstract backgrounds that dissolve a product photograph into radiating lines
字体: Sharp, angular display type set on the diagonal, almost absorbed into the ray structure
版面: Diagonal shafts of line crossing at acute angles; planes appear only at the intersections
材料: A restricted palette layered in translucent slashes over a dark or neutral ground
注意: Avoid drawing the object and adding rays on top; if contours survive beneath the lines, the dissolution into pure light fails.
延伸阅读: Larionov's Rayonist manifesto / The relationship with Neo-primitivism / The lineage of Russian abstraction
相关词条: Suprematism / Italian Futurism

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463

Purism — 雑誌『L'Esprit Nouveau』創刊号表紙 1920 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Purism

ピュリスム / 1918–1925 / Style / Machine Aesthetics

一场批评立体主义滑向装饰、呼吁回归适合机器时代之清晰形式的运动。标准化的「物型」——瓶、杯、吉他——被置于水平与垂直的秩序和克制的色域之中。通过杂志《新精神》，它成为现代建筑与平面设计的准则。

标准化日常器物的剪影 / 以水平与垂直构成的画面 / 克制的用色数量 / 重叠形体的轮廓线

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适用场景: Product communication that presents industrial objects as calm archetypes；Editorial systems pairing strict horizontal-vertical grids with a quiet palette
字体: Rational geometric sans of even weight, set flush to the grid
版面: Horizontal-vertical armature; object silhouettes overlapped in shallow, ordered space
材料: Chalky muted blues, greys and ochres; smooth matte surfaces without visible gesture
注意: Avoid reintroducing anecdote or ornament—once the objects stop being types and become picturesque still lifes, the machine-age clarity is lost.
延伸阅读: The page layouts of L'Esprit Nouveau / The concept of the objet-type / The continuity with Le Corbusier's architecture
相关词条: Cubism / International Style

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464

Cloisonnism — Paul Gauguin《説教のあとの幻影》1888 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Cloisonnism

クロワゾニスム / 1888–1895 / Style / Symbolism and Ornament

一种以掐丝珐琅的隔线命名的画法：平涂的色块被厚重的轮廓线围合。它把浮世绘版画与彩色玻璃窗的观看方式带入油画，舍弃明暗塑造的体积，改以凭记忆敷设的色彩。这是为海报的平面性做好准备的技法。

厚重的深色轮廓线 / 无明暗的平涂色块 / 装饰性简化的形状 / 取自记忆的敷色

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适用场景: Flat illustration systems with bold keylines for packaging and posters；Stained-glass-like brand iconography built from enclosed colour cells
字体: Sturdy hand-lettered or slab forms whose outlines match the drawing's keyline weight
版面: Shapes simplified into enclosed cells, tiled edge to edge like leaded glass
材料: Flat unmodulated colour inside dark contour lines; no cast shadow, no gradient
注意: Avoid re-admitting shading or atmospheric depth inside the cells; the moment volume returns, the enamel-like flatness breaks.
延伸阅读: The experiments of Bernard and Anquetin / The reception of Japonisme / The relationship with Synthetism
相关词条: Japonisme / Art Nouveau

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465

Les Nabis — Pierre Bonnard《France-Champagne》ポスター 1891 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Les Nabis

ナビ派 / 1888–1900 / Style / Symbolism and Ornament

一群自称先知的画家，从「画本质上是以某种秩序覆盖着颜色的平面」这一宣言出发。他们把室内与日常延伸到装饰壁板、石版画、书籍插图与舞台美术之中，消解了纯艺术与应用艺术的界线。

作为装饰壁板构思的画面 / 图案与背景的反转 / 低调中间色的和谐 / 室内与日常的题材

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适用场景: Warm lifestyle branding built on pattern-on-pattern interiors；Book covers and endpapers where figure and wallpaper merge
字体: Soft, slightly irregular serifs or hand-drawn titling woven into the pattern
版面: Tall panel formats; figures embedded in wallpaper-like pattern until motif and ground trade places
材料: Muted intermediate tones—dusty rose, olive, ochre—on matte, absorbent surfaces
注意: Avoid isolating the figure from its patterned ground; the intimacy depends on subject and décor sharing one flat weave.
延伸阅读: The story of Sérusier's The Talisman / The work in decorative panels and lithography / The subjects of Intimisme
相关词条: Cloisonnism / Art Nouveau

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466

Neo-Impressionism — Georges Seurat《グランド・ジャット島の日曜日の午後》1884–86 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Neo-Impressionism

新印象主義 / 1886–1900 / Style / Perceptual Art

一种以光学理论取代印象派直觉的方法，把未经调和的纯色点排布在画面上，让它们在视网膜上混合。分割主义与点彩派的严谨，提前处理了日后半色调印刷、马赛克与像素图像构成所面对的同一批问题。

等距排布的色点 / 并置补色产生的震颤 / 从不调和的纯色 / 点状边框带来的框景效果

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适用场景: Data-driven imagery that builds pictures from discrete points of colour；Print and screen campaigns exploiting halftone and pixel aesthetics with a fine-art pedigree
字体: Precise, light sans set small, letting the dot field dominate
版面: An even, all-over lattice of dots; forms emerge only at viewing distance, with a dotted border as frame
材料: Unmixed complementary pigments in uniform touches; optical mixture instead of blended paint
注意: Avoid irregular, gestural dabs—once the dots lose their even discipline the optical mixture fails and the surface turns into loose Impressionism.
延伸阅读: The difference between the terms Divisionism and Pointillism / The colour theories of Chevreul and Rood / The structural kinship with halftone printing
相关词条: Op Art / Pixel Art

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Symbolism — Gustave Moreau《出現》1876頃 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Symbolism

象徴主義 / 1886–1910 / Style / Symbolism and Ornament

一场国际性的运动，寻求以暗示梦境、神话与观念的形与色使内心世界可见，而非描述外部世界。模糊的轮廓、闭合的双眼、被装饰化的植物与徽记，作为始终不被言明的存在被安置其中。它塑造了世纪末海报与书籍装饰的语汇。

梦境与神话的题材 / 消融于朦胧的轮廓 / 被装饰化的植物与徽记 / 深沉而低调的色域

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适用场景: Book covers and album art that trade in mood and suggestion rather than statement；Fragrance, wine or literary branding wrapped in myth and reverie
字体: Elongated fin-de-siècle serifs or hand-drawn titling with vegetal terminals
版面: Centred, icon-like figures veiled by ornament; borders of stylised plants closing the frame
材料: Deep muted purples, greens and golds; smoky gradients that dissolve contour
注意: Avoid explaining the image; once the symbol is decoded into a single stated meaning, the atmosphere of suggestion evaporates.
延伸阅读: The exchange with literary Symbolism / Fin-de-siècle book decoration / How to keep a distance between ornament and meaning
相关词条: Art Nouveau / Les Nabis

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468

Socialist Realism — Isaak Brodsky によるレーニン像 1925 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Socialist Realism

社会主義リアリズム / 1932–1988 / Style / State and Propaganda

1934 年被确立为国家官方风格的现实主义，以理想化的形象描绘工人与领袖。它拒绝先锋派的实验，转而追求人人可读的图像，通过低视点、向前迈进的人群与光明未来的光线，反复讲述政权的叙事。作为国家颁定风格的罕见案例而重要。

被英雄化的工人形象 / 仰视的纪念碑式构图 / 健康的肤色与明亮的光 / 向前迈进的人群

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适用场景: Critical or satirical design that quotes state-propaganda monumentality knowingly；Historical exhibitions and publications examining twentieth-century propaganda
字体: Heavy monumental capitals, often extended, set like inscriptions on a plinth
版面: Low-angle, pyramidal compositions; figures massed and striding toward the light
材料: Naturalistic oil rendering, warm healthy flesh tones, red banners against bright skies
注意: Avoid deploying its heroic monumentality unframed—without critical distance the imagery simply reads as propaganda again.
延伸阅读: The resolution of the 1934 Soviet Writers' Congress / The relationship to the suppression of the avant-garde / Its export to other countries and the resulting variants
相关词条: Constructivism / Soviet Film Poster

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469

Lettrism

レトリスム / 1946–1970s / Style / Experimental Typography

一场诞生于巴黎的运动，把字母从承载意义的职责中解放出来，将声音与形状本身当作作品的材料。从铺满不可读字符的画面，到字符不断增殖的「超书写」，再到直接刻划在胶片上的痕迹，它扩展了把文字当作物质来处理的实验。

铺满不可读字符的画面 / 手写与铅字混排 / 字符增殖的超书写 / 被当作绘画材料的字母

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适用场景: Experimental type specimens and title sequences where letterforms are pure texture；Music and poetry-scene artwork built from dense asemic writing
字体: Invented alphabets, asemic glyphs and salvaged type mixed without hierarchy
版面: All-over fields of signs with no reading path; density itself is the composition
材料: Ink, paint and scratched film or paper—letters applied as physical marks
注意: Avoid leaving legible words in the field; a single readable phrase reinstates the meaning the style exists to suspend.
延伸阅读: Isidore Isou's theory / The definition of hypergraphy / The split that led to the Situationists
相关词条: Concrete Poetry / Dada

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470

Situationist Graphics

シチュアシオニスト・グラフィックス / 1957–1972 / Layout / Printmaking and Social Movements

「异轨」的实践：劫持来自广告、漫画与电影的现成图像，只替换对话气球中的文字，使其意义翻转。这种零制作成本、从内部背叛主流图像的本领，一条直线通向后来的文化干扰与网络迷因。

被挪用并替换文字的图像 / 漫画分格与对话气球 / 冗长的理论性图注 / 粗糙复制的颗粒感

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适用场景: Protest graphics and zines that turn corporate imagery against itself；Campaign teasers that hijack familiar visual clichés with rewritten captions
字体: Typewriter text and pasted-in balloon lettering over found imagery
版面: Recycled comic panels and film stills in sequence, with the captions doing the subversion
材料: Cheap photocopy grain, degraded halftones, black-and-white with occasional crude spot colour
注意: Avoid polishing the production—slick execution restores the authority of the very images the détournement is meant to betray.
延伸阅读: The definition of détournement / The journal Internationale situationniste / The inheritance passed on to culture jamming
相关词条: Atelier Populaire / Punk

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Art Informel

アンフォルメル / 1945–1960 / Style / Gestural Abstraction

一种战后欧洲抽象，既拒绝几何构成也拒绝具象，以物质与行动本身的痕迹构成画面。厚厚堆积的颜料、刮痕、污渍与撕裂，呈现出形式之前的状态。它是一切把材料物性推到前台的设计的源头。

厚涂与刮擦的痕迹 / 永不凝固为形状的污渍 / 土色与灰烬色的色域 / 撕裂与裸露的画基

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适用场景: Texture-led art direction for craft, ceramics or fashion houses；Cover art and interiors where raw matter carries the emotion
字体: Minimal, quiet type kept clear of the matter, or scratched crudely into it
版面: Centreless fields of material incident; composition by density, not by figure
材料: Impasto, plaster and tar in earth and ash tones; scraped, stained and torn supports
注意: Avoid faking the texture with clean digital filters—the style lives on real material resistance, and simulated grunge reads instantly as decor.
延伸阅读: The naming by Michel Tapié / The difference from American Abstract Expressionism / The exchange with the Gutai group
相关词条: Tachisme / Gutai

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472

Tachisme

タシスム / 1945–1960 / Style / Gestural Abstraction

一种以 tache（斑点）命名的欧洲抽象，把主角交给笔触与滴淌的偶然。既定的构图被放弃；颜料落下与流淌的速度本身成为画面的秩序。在无形式艺术之中，这是聚焦于手势之迅疾的那个名字。

斑点与滴淌的堆叠 / 迅疾手势的痕迹 / 没有中心的布局 / 与留白底色的对比

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适用场景: Identity systems energised by authentic ink splashes and calligraphic speed；Title sequences and posters where a single fast gesture is the hero
字体: One quiet grotesque, small and stable, set against the moving marks
版面: Off-centre clusters of gesture surrounded by generous white; no grid, only momentum
材料: Fluid ink and thinned paint that stains, drips and splashes on a white ground
注意: Avoid retouching or composing the splash after the fact—corrected gestures lose the recorded speed that is the style's entire content.
延伸阅读: The overlap in terminology with Art Informel / Gesture as a record of time / The debate comparing it with calligraphy
相关词条: Art Informel / Abstract Expressionism

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473

Spatialism — Lucio Fontana《空間概念》Kröller-Müller Museum — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Spatialism

スパツィアリズモ / 1947–1968 / Style / Italian Avant-garde

一场意大利运动，割裂并刺穿画布，把绘画从二维幻觉打开到真实空间。切口背后的黑暗显现为真实的深度，画基本身成为作品。它是把破坏材料表面变成一种造型语言的先例。

画布上的切口与穿孔 / 单色涂满的画面 / 切口背后浮现的黑暗 / 画基本身的呈现

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适用场景: Minimal luxury packaging and covers with a single die-cut or torn reveal；Spatial installations where one incision in a monochrome plane is the whole statement
字体: A single refined sans, set sparsely; the cut, not the type, is the headline
版面: One monochrome field with a small number of incisions placed with extreme economy
材料: Uniform matte monochrome; real cuts, punctures or die-cuts revealing shadow behind
注意: Avoid multiplying the cuts into pattern—the gesture works only while each incision remains a singular breach of an otherwise perfect surface.
延伸阅读: Fontana's Spatialist manifestos / The Concetto spaziale series / The relationship with Group Zero
相关词条: Arte Povera / Minimalism

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474

Kinetic Art — Alexander Calder《モビール》Tate Modern — Wikimedia Commons / CC0

Kinetic Art

キネティック・アート / 1950s–1970s / Style / Perceptual Art

以「确实在运动」，或「图像随观者移动而改变」为条件才得以成立的作品。活动雕塑、马达驱动与产生莫尔条纹的叠层网格，把时间变成作品的结构要素。它奠定了「运动本身可以被设计」这一观念的基础。

由风或马达带来的真实运动 / 叠层网格产生的莫尔条纹 / 随观看位置改变的图像 / 重复的模块

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适用场景: Interactive signage and lenticular print that changes with the passer-by；Motion identities and installations where the logo literally moves
字体: Neutral modular sans that survives distortion and overlap
版面: Repeated modules and layered grids engineered for interference and parallax
材料: Metal, acetate or screen layers in high-contrast black and white with sparing primaries
注意: Avoid motion as mere decoration on a static design—if removing the movement changes nothing, the work was never kinetic.
延伸阅读: The lineage from mobiles to motorised works / The developments of GRAV and the Venezuelan artists / The optics of moiré
相关词条: Op Art / Constructivism

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Neo-Expressionism — Georg Baselitz《Orangenesser II》Tate Modern 展示風景 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Neo-Expressionism

新表現主義 / 1978–1990 / Style / Gestural Abstraction

一股国际潮流，作为对极简主义与观念艺术之禁欲的反动，大尺幅、狂暴的笔触以及取自历史与神话的题材重新回归。它粗粝的素描与层层污浊，直接注入了 1980 年代唱片封套与杂志版面的温度。

大尺幅与粗放笔触 / 取自神话与历史的题材 / 大量使用浊色与黑色 / 掺入的材料与物理厚度

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适用场景: Record sleeves and gig posters that need heat, mess and myth；Fashion and editorial imagery trading polish for raw painterly attack
字体: Scrawled, hand-painted headlines; letterforms attacked rather than set
版面: Oversized central figures crowding the frame; layers colliding without hierarchy
材料: Muddied colour, black, and matter mixed into the paint—straw, sand, collage
注意: Avoid controlled, tasteful roughness—the style demands real excess, and a tidied version reads as a costume of rebellion.
延伸阅读: The differences between the German, Italian and American strands / The relationship with the art market / The spread into 1980s graphics
相关词条: Expressionism / Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism)

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Neo-Geo

ネオ・ジオ / 1984–1992 / Style / Geometric Abstraction

1980 年代纽约的一股潮流，把几何抽象与极简主义的语汇当作商品社会的符号重新引用。光滑的工业涂料、荧光色与现成商品的光泽，把抽象的纯粹性横移到消费的图像之中。几何作为批判。

工业涂料的光滑表面 / 荧光的人造色 / 现成商品的光泽与完成度 / 如同示意图的构图

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适用场景: Ironic tech or retail branding that quotes hard-edge abstraction with a wink；Gallery-adjacent product design where geometry doubles as commentary on consumption
字体: Cold, engineered geometric sans, spaced like a diagram label
版面: Diagrammatic panels and hard-edged cells; composition mimics circuit boards and signage
材料: Fluorescent and synthetic hues in enamel-smooth industrial finishes
注意: Avoid sincere formalism—without the quotation marks around its geometry, Neo-Geo becomes exactly the tasteful abstraction it set out to critique.
延伸阅读: The 1986 New York exhibitions / The connection with simulation theory / The stance of quoting abstraction
相关词条: Op Art / Memphis

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477

Merz — Kurt Schwitters《Merz 50》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Merz

メルツ / 1919–1948 / Style / Avant-garde

一场以从银行广告上剪下的一个词为旗帜的一人运动，仅用废弃物——车票、包装纸、撕碎的铅字——构成画面。它把垃圾当作建筑材料的态度，以及对字体碎片的抽象安置，决定性地塑造了拼贴与杂志设计的语汇。

粘贴的车票与包装纸等废弃物 / 撕碎的铅字与数字残片 / 斜向的构成轴线 / 泛黄旧纸的色泽

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适用场景: Collage-driven editorial and zine layouts built from printed ephemera；Craft-minded branding that composes real tickets, stamps and offcuts
字体: Salvaged letterpress fragments—mismatched sizes, partial words, stray numerals
版面: Tilted constructive axes locking scraps into an abstract armature
材料: Aged tickets, wrappers, stamps and torn print, glued with visible edges
注意: Avoid arranging the scraps as nostalgic decoration—Merz is construction with rubbish, so every fragment must serve the composition's axes, not evoke the past.
延伸阅读: The page layouts of the magazine Merz / The space of the Merzbau / The collaborations with Constructivism
相关词条: Dada / The New Typography

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478

Poetism — Karel Teige《キテラ島への船出》1923–24, プラハ市立美術館 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Poetism

ポエティスム / 1923–1934 / Style / Czech Avant-garde

捷克先锋派团体 Devětsil（九力社）的纲领，把诗延伸到书页乃至生活本身。以照片蒙太奇与文字结合的「图画诗」、圆形与斜线的构图，以及鲜明的双色印刷，把诗集、杂志与海报变成一片连续的实验场。

与文字并置的照片蒙太奇 / 圆形与斜线的构图 / 两种鲜明而克制的颜色 / 作为诗的字体排印

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适用场景: Poetry collections and cultural programmes set as typographic picture poems；Two-colour risograph posters where circles, rules and photographs rhyme
字体: Constructivist grotesques mixed across playful sizes; letters allowed to behave as images
版面: Circles, diagonals and rules choreographing photomontage fragments across the page
材料: Two vivid inks—typically red with black or blue—on warm book paper
注意: Avoid pure constructivist severity—without lyric play between word and image, the page is engineering, not a poem.
延伸阅读: Karel Teige's theory and book designs / The page layouts of the magazine ReD / The picture poem as a form
相关词条: The New Typography / Constructivism

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479

Unism — Władysław Strzemiński《抽象コンポジション》1933 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Unism

ユニスム / 1923–1936 / Style / Geometric Abstraction

一种波兰理论，主张画面既不应有对比也不应有中心，而应作为单一均质的有机体存在。图与底的等级被抹去，色面以同等的分量一直延续到边缘。它是均质网格与满幅构图的理论先祖。

取消中心与对比 / 均等延续至边缘的色面 / 图底等级的抹除 / 由微差构成的满幅色场

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适用场景: Quiet textural backgrounds and wallpapers with no focal point by design；Systematic pattern and grid programmes where evenness is the brand's voice
字体: A single weight of a neutral sans, evenly set—typography as texture, not accent
版面: An edge-to-edge field with no centre; rhythm from minute modular variation only
材料: Close-valued hues in matte, even surfaces—differences of a few steps at most
注意: Avoid introducing any focal accent; one emphasised element restores the hierarchy Unism exists to abolish.
延伸阅读: Strzemiński's theory of Unism / Katarzyna Kobro's spatial sculpture / The collection of the Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź
相关词条: Suprematism / De Stijl

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480

Photorealism

フォトリアリズム / 1968–1980s / Style / Postwar American Art

将照片原样移植进绘画，用手工复现机械之眼所捕捉的信息量的运动。橱窗的反光、铬件的扭曲、餐馆的霓虹等题材，连同照片特有的对焦、颗粒与色差一并被定影在画布上。画的不是“眼见之物”，而是“照片如此拍下”这件事。

源自照片的反光与高光 / 原样描绘景深 / 都市中的商业性题材 / 抹去笔触的平滑表面

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适用场景: Product imagery of chrome, glass and liquid that must read as photographed rather than illustrated, where a rendering has to acquire lens behaviour to be believed；Editorial and campaign work about consumer culture, where the gloss on the surface is itself the argument
字体: A neutral grotesque set small and cold, used as caption rather than headline so the image keeps all the voltage.
版面: One frontal image cropped so the principal reflection falls at the optical centre, with type confined to a single band at the edge.
材料: High-gloss stock or an untextured screen, ink laid perfectly smooth so no substrate grain competes with the photographic grain inside the image.
注意: Cleaning up the lens artefacts: polish out the focus fall-off, the grain and the fringing and the picture stops reading as a photograph made by hand, leaving airless illustration.
延伸阅读: Airbrush technique and grid transfer / The presentation at documenta 5 in 1972 / The role of the photograph as an intermediary term
相关词条: Pop Art / Staged Photography

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481

Magic Realism — Georg Schrimpf《窓辺の少女》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Magic Realism

マジック・リアリズム / 1925–1970s / Style / Figurative Painting

描绘彻底写实，却因光线、布置与静默而让现实整体偏移一格的绘画。不借助超现实主义式的变形，只把寻常之物以异样的明晰摆放，便同时唤起不安与静谧。其命名源自1925年的德国美术批评。

坚硬而均匀的光 / 异样明晰的描绘 / 静止的人物与器物 / 不作解释的布置

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适用场景: Brand photography and film stills that must feel calm and slightly wrong: fragrance, luxury goods, speculative fiction；Editorial illustration for essays whose subject is ordinary life seen from an angle that will not resolve
字体: A quiet transitional serif, generously letterspaced, kept well clear of the image so it never explains it.
版面: A single frontal scene with one object placed where the eye does not expect it, surrounded by a wide and undisturbed margin.
材料: Matte, non-reflective stock and an even shadowless colour field: no grain, no gloss, nothing that suggests the picture was handled.
注意: Reaching for melting clocks and impossible bodies: the moment the description breaks, the work is Surrealist, and the particular chill of the ordinary held too clearly is gone.
延伸阅读: Franz Roh's coining of the term in 1925 / Its relation to New Objectivity / The term's transfer to Latin American literature
相关词条: New Objectivity Photography / Surrealism

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482

Luminism — Fitz Henry Lane《オウルズ・ヘッド、ペノブスコット湾》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Luminism

ルミニズム / 1850–1875 / Style / American Modern Art

美国风景画中的一种样式：在抹去笔触的光滑画面上，描绘一路层层渐变直至地平线的大气之光。人物画得很小，水面如镜般静止，光本身成为主题。它是一部设计静谧的构图教科书。

抹去笔触的光滑表面 / 强调地平线的构图 / 层层渐变的大气之光 / 如镜面般的水面

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适用场景: Wide hero imagery for slow, calm propositions, where a horizon and a graded sky carry what no photograph of people can；Environmental graphics in large quiet interiors, where one long horizontal field has to settle a room
字体: Small roman capitals, widely tracked, sitting low in the field so they never breach the horizon.
版面: A horizon at roughly a third, an unbroken band of sky above it, and any incident kept small and off the axis.
材料: A long gradient with no visible banding, on matte paper or a colour-managed screen; a reflective finish destroys the graded light.
注意: Turning the graded sky into a saturated sunset: Luminist light is measured, and pushing the chroma converts stillness into stock sentiment.
延伸阅读: Its difference from the Hudson River School / Its intellectual affinity with Transcendentalism / The re-evaluation of the 1970s
相关词条: Tonalism / English Landscape Garden

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483

Tonalism — George Inness《虹》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Tonalism

トーナリズム / 1880–1915 / Style / American Modern Art

以单一色调覆盖整幅画面、让轮廓消融于雾霭与暮色之中的美国风景样式。灰、蓝灰与褐色构成的狭窄色域和柔和的轮廓，造出宛如记忆中风景的暧昧。这是以限定色彩来设计情绪的做法。

被单一色调笼罩的画面 / 雾霭与暮色的光 / 消融的轮廓 / 灰与褐的狭窄色域

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适用场景: Muted brand worlds for heritage spirits, perfume or memoir publishing, where one tonal envelope does the work a colour palette usually does；Photographic direction and grading for campaigns that must read as remembered rather than observed
字体: A serif with soft, slightly worn terminals, printed a step lighter than black so it stays inside the tonal envelope.
版面: One soft-edged image run to the margins with the text held in a single low-contrast block; no hard rules, no hard crops.
材料: Uncoated or lightly toned stock, with ink mixed toward the dominant hue so paper and image share one temperature.
注意: Laying a grey wash over a high-contrast image: the tone has to be built into every value, or the result is a muddy filter rather than a unified key.
延伸阅读: Whistler's Nocturne series / Its resonance with Pictorialist photography / The reception of the Barbizon School
相关词条: Luminism / Pictorialism

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484

American Regionalism — Grant Wood《アメリカン・ゴシック》1930 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

American Regionalism

アメリカン・リージョナリズム / 1930–1943 / Style / American Modern Art

大萧条时期的美国，拒斥欧洲前卫、以写实手法描绘中西部农村与劳作的运动。起伏的丘陵、样式化的人物与明快的叙事性，经由壁画、杂志与邮票成为国民性的图像。它是把地域性变成样式的典型例子。

起伏的丘陵与农田的构图 / 样式化的质朴人物 / 叙事明快的场景 / 以土色为基调的设色

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适用场景: Civic and cooperative identity for agriculture, regional food and public utilities, where a place has to look as though it belongs to the people who work it；Large-format mural and packaging illustration that must tell its story from across a room
字体: A sturdy slab or heavy-stemmed grotesque, set in short declarative lines like a mural caption.
版面: A single figure or task at mid-height, the ground curving behind it in bands, the horizon high and the sky small.
材料: Earth pigments of ochre, umber and oxide green, printed on stock warm enough to keep the whites off white.
注意: Borrowing the rolling fields as nostalgic wallpaper: stripped of the labour that is its actual subject, the style collapses into the folksy pastiche its critics accused it of.
延伸阅读: The difference between Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton / Its relation to the public mural programmes / The critique of its nationalism
相关词条: Mexican Muralism / WPA Poster

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485

Synchromism — Stanton Macdonald-Wright《シンクロミー第3番》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Synchromism

シンクロミズム / 1912–1918 / Style / Geometric Abstraction

仿照音乐的和声，主张色彩本身即为结构的美国第一个抽象运动。按光谱顺序排布的色面在旋转中生出深度，形随色而后至。以“Synchromy（色之交响）”为题的作品名本身就是它的纲领。

按光谱顺序排列的色面 / 旋涡状的构成 / 以色彩生成深度 / 比拟音乐的标题

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适用场景: Colour systems for music platforms, festivals and audio hardware, which need chromatic energy and have no imagery to lean on；Motion graphics in which hue rotation rather than the movement of objects carries depth and rhythm
字体: A geometric sans in one weight, set small; the title names the piece and the colour does the speaking.
版面: A spiral of overlapping planes around a slightly displaced centre, warm hues advancing and cool receding, with no drawn outline anywhere.
材料: Saturated unmixed pigment at even opacity, so no plane comes forward merely because it is denser than its neighbour.
注意: Adding a keyline to hold the shapes together: as soon as an outline carries the structure, colour stops doing the work and the whole premise is void.
延伸阅读: The theory of Macdonald-Wright and Russell / The dispute with Orphism over simultaneity / Tables of correspondence between colour and music
相关词条: Orphism / Color Field Painting

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486

Neo-Dada

ネオ・ダダ / 1953–1965 / Style / Postwar American Art

针对抽象表现主义的内向性，把日用品、印刷品与剥制标本带入画面，试图在艺术与生活的缝隙中创作的战后潮流。它承继达达的手法，又把消费社会的材料本身当作构成材料。这是紧接波普艺术之前的分岔点。

把现成品带入画面 / 印刷品的丝网转印 / 介于绘画与立体之间的形态 / 涂抹、叠加与弄脏的痕迹

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适用场景: Record sleeves, zines and event graphics that need to look assembled out of the world rather than designed from nothing；Campaigns built from found print, where the receipts, newsprint and packaging keep their own history as part of the message
字体: Mixed sizes and mixed faces from whatever was to hand, some stencilled, some torn out of existing print.
版面: No grid: a horizontal collage in which one three-dimensional object breaks the picture plane and pulls the eye off axis.
材料: Silkscreened newsprint over smeared paint, registration deliberately out, erasures left visible.
注意: Arranging the found material tidily: Neo-Dada depends on objects keeping their own dirt and their own scale, and a neat collage of clean assets is only decoration.
延伸阅读: The definition of the Combine painting / Japan's Neo-Dadaism Organizers / Its proximity to Fluxus
相关词条: Dada / Pop Art

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487

Nouveau Réalisme

ヌーヴォー・レアリスム / 1960–1970 / Style / Postwar European Art

1960年在巴黎宣告“直接攫取现实”的团体。撕下的海报层、压缩的车身、堆积的垃圾，不经描绘便让都市本身成为作品。不加工而只是选取材料的态度，为此后的集合艺术奠定了前提。

被撕下的海报层 / 同一物件的集积 / 被压缩的工业制品 / 不加工的材料选择

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适用场景: Urban and cultural posters that take fly-posted, weathered layers as their actual language rather than as a filter；Retail and exhibition display built from massed identical units, where the accumulation is the graphic device
字体: Fragments of existing typography, whatever survives the tear, rather than a face chosen for the job.
版面: A full-bleed field of layered material with no hierarchy, anchored by one compressed or accumulated mass in the lower half.
材料: Real paper on real paper: paste it, tear it, expose the layers beneath, and let the physical edge do the drawing.
注意: Simulating the torn poster with a distress filter: the movement's entire claim is that the material was taken and not made, and a synthetic tear reverses it.
延伸阅读: The 1960 manifesto and its signatories / The technique of décollage / Comparison with American Pop
相关词条: Neo-Dada / Arte Povera

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488

Lyrical Abstraction

リリカル・アブストラクション / 1947–1970s / Style / Gestural Abstraction

既不依附几何的规训，也不倚仗激烈的身体动作，而以流动的笔触与晕染的色彩构筑抒情的抽象。这一称呼生于巴黎，后来在美国也被用于薄涂与浸染的绘画。它是设计柔软与轻盈时的参照点。

流动般的笔触 / 晕染与叠加的层次 / 轻盈透明的色彩 / 没有中心的构成

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适用场景: Covers and backgrounds where the mark must feel made by hand and weightless at once, as in poetry, chamber music or wellness；Large washes for packaging and interiors that need to avoid both the corporate mesh gradient and the heavy painterly cliche
字体: A light-weight seriffed face set small at one corner, never crossing the centre of the wash.
版面: An all-over, centreless field running past all four edges, offering the eye no anchor and no focal incident.
材料: Thinned colour on an absorbent ground, so the pigment spreads and the edge is decided by the substrate rather than by the hand.
注意: Placing one confident stroke in the middle: a centred gesture turns the field into a logo and destroys the drift the style is made of.
延伸阅读: The difference between the Paris usage and the American one / The staining technique / The exhibitions around 1970
相关词条: Art Informel / Color Field Painting

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489

Hard-Edge Painting — Ellsworth Kelly《赤・黄・青・白・黒》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Hard-Edge Painting

ハードエッジ・ペインティング / 1959–1970s / Style / Geometric Abstraction

把边界保持得完全锐利，仅以平坦色面构成画面的绘画。笔触与渐层被排除，色面的边缘成为唯一的事件。以遮蔽胶带做出的精确边缘，正是此后扁平化设计与矢量表现的直接祖先。

完全锐利的色面边界 / 没有渐层的平涂 / 数量有限的大块色面 / 形状本身决定支撑体的外形

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适用场景: Identity and signage systems that must survive at any scale in flat colour, with no gradient or shadow left to reproduce badly；Interface and icon work built on hard vector silhouettes, where legibility is purely a function of edge and area
字体: A geometric sans in a single weight, treated as a flat plane of its own and aligned to the same edges as the colour.
版面: Two to four fields dividing the format, with the division placed off any obvious fraction so the areas stay in tension.
材料: Flat, opaque, unmodulated colour with the edge cut mechanically, showing neither overlap nor a light halo.
注意: Softening one edge for depth: a single feathered boundary reintroduces illusionistic space, and the picture reverts to being a picture of something.
延伸阅读: Jules Langsner's coining of the term in 1959 / Its development into the shaped canvas / The psychological effect of plane and edge
相关词条: Color Field Painting / Flat Design / Vector Minimalism

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490

Funk Art

ファンク・アート / 1960s–1970s / Style / Postwar American Art

在旧金山湾区，刻意弄脏良好趣味与抽象权威的陶艺与立体运动。俗艳的色彩、身体性的幽默、对工艺材料的有意误用，嘲笑着美术的等级本身。它是把粗糙当作策略来使用的先例。

花哨刺目的釉色 / 身体性而粗俗的母题 / 对工艺材料的有意误用 / 保留手工粗糙感的收尾

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适用场景: Merchandise, ceramics and product ranges for brands that would rather be funny and physical than tasteful, in food, drink and nightlife；Art direction for youth and counterculture work, where an aggressively unrefined finish signals independence from corporate polish
字体: Lettering pushed by hand, slumped, uneven, glazed on or modelled in, never a cleanly typeset line.
版面: One lumpen object shot frontally and filling the frame, with nothing composed around it.
材料: Bright running glazes over visible clay, with drips, thumbprints and firing accidents kept rather than corrected.
注意: Making the roughness neat: a controlled imperfection reads as one more kind of taste, and the joke, which is aimed at taste, stops working.
延伸阅读: The 1967 Funk exhibition in Berkeley / The change in the standing of ceramics / Its relation to the West Coast counterculture
相关词条: Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism) / Neo-Dada

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491

Pattern and Decoration — Robert Kushner《An Interior Decorated》— Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0

Pattern and Decoration

パターン・アンド・デコレーション / 1975–1985 / Style / Ornament

正面质疑“装饰低人一等”这一现代主义前提的运动。它把伊斯兰几何纹样、拼布、壁纸与织物的反复带上大画面，将女性的手工与非西方的样式置于美术的中心。这是处理装饰之政治性的出发点。

铺满全幅的反复图案 / 对拼布与织物的引用 / 对非西方纹样的参照 / 没有边界的满幅构成

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适用场景: Surface and packaging systems in textiles, hospitality and cosmetics where the identity is a repeating field rather than a mark；Cultural programmes and publications that need ornament to carry an argument about whose craft counts
字体: Type set inside the pattern at the same visual weight as the motif, so that nothing sits on top of the decoration.
版面: An edge-to-edge repeat with no frame and no focal point, the format read as a cut from an unbounded field.
材料: Fabric, print or tile whose repeat is honest, the join left visible, with unrelated patterns allowed to meet.
注意: Using the pattern as a border around a modernist white centre, which reinstates precisely the hierarchy the movement set out to overturn.
延伸阅读: Its connection to feminist art / The counter-argument to ornament as crime / The re-evaluation of textile history
相关词条: Arts and Crafts / Islamic Geometric Pattern

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492

Art Brut — Adolf Wölfli《海と島の環》— Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Art Brut

アール・ブリュット / 1945– / Style / Outsider Art

为指称那些在美术教育与美术市场之外、仅凭自成一体的系统而作出的表达，所设立的概念。填满画面的反复、独创的文字与符号、对材料的彻底再利用，在其中共通地出现。与其说它是一种样式，不如说是样式得以诞生的条件之名。

不留空白的填满 / 自成体系的文字与符号 / 对身边材料的彻底再利用 / 凭反复而自足的世界

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适用场景: Publishing and exhibition design where the work's own visual logic has to be presented without being tidied into a house style；Identity for small labels, community projects and artist-run spaces that need to feel personal and unmanaged
字体: A hand-drawn alphabet used consistently, its own rules kept even where they are inconvenient.
版面: Fill everything: no margin, no hierarchy, the field worked edge to edge at one density.
材料: Whatever is at hand and reused, ballpoint on envelope, thread, cardboard, with the reuse left visible.
注意: Faking the naivety with a wobbly font and some scribble: the force of this work comes from a real and internally consistent system, and imitation reproduces only its tics.
延伸阅读: Dubuffet's collecting and naming of it / The collection in Lausanne / Its English rendering as Outsider Art
相关词条: Naïve / Lowbrow (Pop Surrealism)

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Estridentismo — Ramón Alva de la Canal《スペイン人の上陸》— Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Estridentismo

エストリデンティスモ / 1921–1927 / Style / Latin American Avant-garde

在墨西哥，为革命之后的都市、电波与机械放声喝彩的前卫运动。木刻的锐利线条、斜向奔走的活字、电线与天线的图像，经由杂志与传单在短期内喷涌而出。这是拉丁美洲前卫拥有自身速度的瞬间。

木刻的锐利线条 / 斜向排布的活字 / 电线、天线与机械的图像 / 双色印刷的强烈对比

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适用场景: Posters and covers for music and politics that must look printed in a hurry and made locally, two colours on cheap stock；Editorial systems where diagonal setting and one hard second colour give a publication its own noise
字体: Heavy grotesque mixed with woodletter, set at an angle across the page.
版面: One dominant diagonal running corner to corner, with blocks of text set square against it for friction.
材料: Two inks, usually black and red, on coarse paper, with the woodcut's white bite left in the line.
注意: Tilting a modern layout by a few degrees and calling it done: the angle only works when the letterforms are cut and the register is rough enough to look pushed out of a small press.
延伸阅读: Manuel Maples Arce's manifesto / The page layouts of the magazine Irradiador / The scheme called Estridentópolis
相关词条: Italian Futurism / Mexican Muralism

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Antropofagia — 『食人宣言』1928 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Antropofagia

アントロポファジア / 1928–1930s / Aesthetic / Brazilian Avant-garde

以“食人”为隐喻，主张对欧洲文化不应拒斥、而应吃下去化作自己血液的巴西纲领。把混杂肯定为方法而非弱点的态度，此后一直流淌在巴西的设计、音乐与建筑的底层。

对外来样式的刻意消化 / 与本土图像的混杂 / 被巨大化的身体母题 / 原色与热带的色域

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适用场景: Brand work for cultures that import heavily and want to own what they import rather than apologise for it；Cross-cultural campaigns in which the visible seam between a foreign form and a local one is the idea, not a defect
字体: A European display face redrawn until its proportions no longer belong to it.
版面: One swollen, over-scaled figure dominating the field, with the borrowed reference still legible underneath it.
材料: Saturated primaries and tropical greens laid flat, with no atmospheric softening between them.
注意: Treating it as a licence to sample freely: the point is digestion, and a collage that leaves its sources intact is quotation rather than appetite.
延伸阅读: Oswald de Andrade's manifesto of 1928 / Its relation to Tarsila do Amaral's painting / Its inheritance by Tropicália
相关词条: Tropicália / Neo-Concrete Art

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Indigenismo — 雑誌『Amauta』第26号表紙 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Indigenismo

インディヘニスモ / 1920s–1950s / Style / Latin American Avant-garde

以安第斯诸国为中心，将原住民的身体、服饰与土地作为国民主题来描绘的运动。它不以欧洲的理想形象、而以当地的骨骼与色彩为基准，并扩展到绘画、版画、摄影与建筑装饰。它撼动了“以什么作为美的基准”这一问题本身。

对原住民身体与服饰的描绘 / 安第斯的泥土与天空的色域 / 纪念碑式的人物体量 / 对前哥伦布时期纹样的引用

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适用场景: National and regional cultural identity for museums, festivals and tourism, where the imagery must come out of the place rather than be applied to it；Portrait direction that treats non-European proportion and dress as the standard rather than the exception
字体: A firm, broad-stemmed face whose weight matches the mass of the figure, with pre-Columbian geometry used sparingly as rule and border.
版面: A frontal figure occupying most of the height against a high plateau horizon, the ornament confined to the edges.
材料: Ochre, oxide red and the hard blue of high altitude, on matte surfaces that hold earth tones without gloss.
注意: Taking the ornament without the people: pre-Columbian pattern applied as decoration to an otherwise European image is exactly the appropriation the movement formed against.
延伸阅读: José Sabogal and the Peruvian development / Its difference from Mexican muralism / Criticism of its representation of indigenous people
相关词条: Mexican Muralism / American Regionalism

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Ultraísmo — Rafael Barradas による『Vltra』1921年2月20日号 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Ultraísmo

ウルトライスモ / 1918–1925 / Layout / Experimental Typography

在西班牙语世界高举压缩比喻、舍弃修饰之诗的前卫运动。在杂志的版面上，活字斜向奔走，木刻的抽象插入其间，诗本身被排成图版。这是往返于伊比利亚与南美之间的最早期实验性排版。

斜向排布的活字与留白 / 以木刻插入的抽象图版 / 压缩比喻的短行 / 以杂志为发表形式

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适用场景: Small-press literary and cultural magazines where setting the text as an image is the whole editorial position；Type-led posters and covers that need energy without recourse to illustration or photography
字体: Wood and metal display type mixed on one page, with lines set at competing angles.
版面: The page composed as a plate: the poem's own lines form the structure, white space is an element, and no column grid survives.
材料: Letterpress on cheap magazine stock, with a woodcut block dropped straight into the text area.
注意: Angling type as a flourish over a conventional column: the angle came from setting language as an image, and without that reason it is styling only.
延伸阅读: The pages of the magazines Ultra and Grecia / Borges's early activity / Its divergence from Creacionismo
相关词条: Creacionismo / Concrete Poetry

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Creacionismo

クレアシオニスモ / 1916–1930s / Layout / Experimental Typography

宣称诗并非摹写自然、而是创造新的事实的运动，发端于智利并途经巴黎。它大量产出把文字当作图形来配置的视觉诗，使语言与画面的边界成为实验的对象。它与Ultraísmo并列为西班牙语世界前卫的支柱。

把文字当作图形来配置 / 诗行在视觉上的重组 / 毫无修饰的活字 / 把白底当作构成要素来使用

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适用场景: Posters and titles where the words physically form the image, with no illustration and no photograph；Book and exhibition typography for texts that must be read as constructed objects rather than transcribed speech
字体: One plain face at several sizes, with the change of scale as the only expressive device.
版面: Words positioned as objects in a field, the white ground measured as carefully as the type, alignment abandoned wherever the sense requires it.
材料: Black on white and nothing else: no rule, no colour, no image to fall back on.
注意: Scattering words for the look of it: here the position of every word is an assertion, and arbitrary placement leaves only a shape.
延伸阅读: Vicente Huidobro's theory / Comparison with the calligramme / The typesetting of Altazor
相关词条: Ultraísmo / Concrete Poetry

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Aeropittura — Tato によるアエロピットゥーラ作品 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain

Aeropittura

アエロピットゥーラ / 1929–1939 / Style / Italian Avant-garde

宣告要把飞机上的视点作为绘画之条件的意大利未来主义后期展开。俯冲的透视、卷成漩涡的云、翻转的地表，把速度与高度的感觉固定在画面上。这是把视点的高度变成样式的罕见例子。

俯冲式的透视法 / 卷成漩涡的云与大气 / 翻转与旋转的地表 / 令人联想到金属光泽的设色

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适用场景: Aviation, aerospace and mobility work where the brief is the sensation of flight rather than the machine that produces it；Title sequences and transitions built on a diving, rolling camera, for which this painting is effectively a storyboard
字体: Italic capitals following the arc of the dive, tracked wider as they recede.
版面: A horizon tilted well past forty-five degrees, the ground curving away and the vanishing point pushed outside the frame.
材料: Metallic and pearlescent finishes, or gradients keyed to chrome and cloud, so the surface shifts as the viewer moves.
注意: Simply photographing a landscape from above: the style is not the aerial view but the body's disorientation within it, which requires the horizon to be taken away.
延伸阅读: The manifesto of Aeropittura of 1929 / The question of its distance from the regime / Its relation to aerial photography
相关词条: Italian Futurism / Rayonism

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Novecento Italiano — Mario Sironi《コンポジション（人物のある構成）》— Fondazione Cariplo / CC BY-SA 3.0

Novecento Italiano

ノヴェチェント・イタリアーノ / 1922–1943 / Style / Figurative Painting

在前卫解体之后，试图回归意大利古典的体量与静谧的运动。经过单纯化的坚实人体、克制的土色、正面性强烈的构图，成为两次大战之间公共建筑与壁画的语汇。它是“回归秩序”的代表例，也必须连同它与体制的接近一并阅读。

经过单纯化的坚实人体 / 正面性强烈的构图 / 克制的土色设色 / 令人联想到古典雕塑的体量

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适用场景: Institutional identity that wants gravity without ornament, for museums, foundations and civic bodies, provided the political reading is faced rather than ignored；Figurative illustration and sculpture-led art direction in which weight and calm matter more than movement
字体: Roman capitals cut to classical proportion and spaced as though incised, aligned to the axis of the figure.
版面: Frontal and symmetrical, the figure centred and cut at the knee, the ground a plain plane with no incident.
材料: Fresco-like matte surfaces in ochre, terracotta and stone grey, lit so that mass is modelled and almost nothing casts a shadow.
注意: Taking the monumental frontality as neutral good taste: the same devices were built to speak for a state, and used without that awareness the work carries an argument its author did not intend.
延伸阅读: Margherita Sarfatti's leadership / The context of the return to order / Its extension into public murals
相关词条: Italian Rationalism / Socialist Realism

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Italian Rationalism — Giuseppe Terragni《カサ・デル・ファッショ》コモ 1936 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Italian Rationalism

イタリア合理主義 / 1926–1943 / Style / Modern Architecture

试图让现代建筑的抽象与地中海的古典同时成立的意大利运动。看似只是白色的盒子，实则由柱间的律动、深远的挑檐与大理石的面承接着古代的比例。它是一部不让现代与传统对立的解题教科书。

白色的体量与规则的柱间 / 深远的挑檐与阴影的带 / 大理石与玻璃的对比 / 对古典比例的转译

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适用场景: Architectural and interior identity that must feel contemporary and rooted at once, for hotels, cultural buildings and heritage brands；Grid design, where the rhythm of bays translates directly into a column structure that stays classical while reading as modern
字体: A geometric sans set to the same module as the bays, with the leading derived from the same proportion.
版面: A strict frontal grid whose bays are equal and whose voids are not, so that the rhythm is regular and the reading is not.
材料: White render against polished marble and plate glass, with reveals deep enough to cast a real shadow line.
注意: Keeping the white box and dropping the proportion: without the underlying ratios it is generic modernism, and the whole argument of these buildings was that the ratios were still present.
延伸阅读: Terragni's Casa del Fascio / The programme of Gruppo 7 / The history of its assessment as architecture of the regime
相关词条: International Style / Novecento Italiano

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Stripped Classicism

ストリップト・クラシシズム / 1920s–1950s / Style / Modern Architecture

从古典建筑上只削去装饰，仅留下比例、轴线与柱列律动的官厅与纪念建筑样式。明明没有装饰却仍能被读作古典，这成了言说权威的低成本手段。作为极简与威压同居的例子而重要。

削去装饰的柱列律动 / 强烈的轴线与对称 / 石材的平滑表面 / 没有巨大开口的墙面

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适用场景: Institutional identity for courts, banks and archives, where permanence has to be signalled with almost no elements；A cautionary reference in brand work: the devices that read as timeless minimalism are the same ones that read as state power
字体: Incised roman capitals, widely spaced, centred on the axis and stated once only.
版面: Bilateral symmetry with the entrance on the axis, a tall base, an unbroken wall and a heavy uninterrupted cornice line.
材料: Large ashlar limestone or granite, honed flat, with joints fine enough that the wall reads as one continuous surface.
注意: Reaching for it because it looks austere and expensive: the symmetry and the blank wall make a claim of authority whether or not you intended one.
延伸阅读: Interwar government architecture / Proportion as an expression of authority / The turns in its reputation after the war
相关词条: Italian Rationalism / Art Deco

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Chicano Art — チカーノ・パークの壁画群（サンディエゴ）— Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Chicano Art

チカーノ・アート / 1965– / Style / Printmaking and Social Movements

诞生自墨西哥裔美国人民权运动的表达。壁画、丝网印刷海报、低底盘改装车与美术字构成一套连贯的语汇，阿兹特克的图像、天主教的圣像与英语和西班牙语的混成文字被置于同一画面。这是运动造就样式的实例。

壁画的叙事性构成 / 阿兹特克与天主教图像的并置 / 双语混成的美术字 / 丝网印刷的强烈色面

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适用场景: Organising and campaign graphics that have to belong to the people they address and be producible by them；Bilingual identity and signage in which code-switching is designed rather than reduced to a translated second line
字体: Brush and blackletter-derived lettering drawn by hand, switching language mid-line without switching register.
版面: A continuous mural band read left to right, the sacred figure held at the centre and the political detail worked into the edges.
材料: Flat silkscreen colour on cheap paper, or exterior paint on a wall: both made in numbers and put up in public.
注意: Lifting the lettering and the saints as decoration: the imagery belongs to a specific movement and community, and taken away from that it reads as costume.
延伸阅读: The posters of the United Farm Workers / The activity of Asco / Its connection to lowrider culture
相关词条: Mexican Muralism / Atelier Populaire

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