A dictionary of design styles, written from the works themselves.
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361
回遊式庭園 / Edo period– / Style / Garden Styles
The daimyo strolling garden edits its scenery so that a new view opens with every step along the path. Bridges, artificial hills and teahouses are set around a central pond until movement itself is the thing designed, spatial design that carries a time axis.
Views that change as you walk / Pond-centered composition / Hide-and-reveal staging / Famous scenery in miniature
362
露地 / 16th century– / Style / Garden Styles
Here the garden is the path to the tea room and nothing else. Stepping stones, the crouching basin and the middle gate set the walker's pace and state of mind, building a mountain retreat inside the city and designing the time it takes to arrive.
Stepping-stone pacing / The tsukubai basin / Outer and inner roji transition / A hermitage within the city
363
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苔庭 / 14th century– / Style / Garden Styles
A garden that time and humidity grow, as at Saihō-ji, where more than a hundred species of moss cover the ground. Its surfaces are composed from nothing but shades of green, a demonstration of the Japanese balance between tending a place and leaving it alone.
Gradations of moss / Designed dappled light / Time as the main material / The presence of humidity
364
借景 / 17th century– / Technique / Garden Styles
A technique that pulls the mountain or forest beyond the garden into the composition, framing it with hedges and trees until it belongs there. It is the boldest idea of cropping there is, designing with a landscape no one can own.
Distant views captured / Framing by hedge / The middle ground erased / Composition including the outside
365
イングリッシュ・ランドスケープ・ガーデン / 1720s–1800s / Style / Garden Styles
An 18th-century English revolution that threw out geometry and built nature-seeming scenery by artifice. Rolling lawns, serpentine lakes and temples scattered across the view shaped the land itself into a picture, and the result became the prototype of the public park.
Rolling lawn and lake / Temples and follies / The concealed ha-ha fence / A sequence of pictorial views
366
フランス式整形庭園 / 17th century– / Style / Garden Styles
The garden of axis, symmetry and perspective that Le Nôtre perfected at Versailles. Shears and sheets of water discipline nature into geometry, and power becomes visible as spatial order.
Axes running to the vanishing point / Strict symmetry / Clipped geometry / Water mirrors and the grand canal
367
イタリア式庭園 / 15th–17th century / Style / Garden Styles
The Renaissance garden of terraced slopes, stairs, channels and fountains. The hundred fountains of the Villa d'Este are the engineering art of water, with gravity as the design material.
Terraced slopes / Water stairs and fountains / Axes and statuary / Designed prospects
368
ペルシャ庭園 / 6th century BC– / Style / Garden Styles
The origin of the chahar bagh, quartered by crossing water channels: a walled paradise of water and shade built against the desert. It gave the word paradise its meaning and the garden its archetype from Islam to the Mughals.
Fourfold division by water / Axial basins and channels / The walled paradise / Shaded avenues
369
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ムガル庭園 / 16th–18th century / Style / Garden Styles
The chahar bagh scaled to empire: stepped water channels and white marble pavilions achieving, at Shalimar and the Taj, the full integration of building and garden.
Stepped water channels / White marble against water / Symmetrical avenues / Tomb and garden unified
370
中国文人庭園 / Song dynasty– / Style / Garden Styles
The literati garden crystallized in Suzhou: landscape painting built in three dimensions. Taihu stone peaks, lattice windows as picture frames and turning corridors fold infinite scenery into small plots.
Taihu stones as peaks / Lattice windows and moon gates as frames / Turning corridors / Layered miniature scenery
371
韓国庭園 / Joseon dynasty– / Style / Garden Styles
The Joseon garden moves as little earth as possible, and Changdeokgung's rear garden is its model. Pavilions are simply set into valleys and ponds that were already there, a design that leaves the land alone and offers East Asia's other garden ideal.
Terrain left as found / Square ponds with round islands / Scattered pavilions / Artifice restrained
372
コテージガーデン / 19th century– / Style / Garden Styles
The English garden of overflowing mixed planting, stylized from the working kitchen plot. Jekyll's color schemes and Sissinghurst's White Garden raised planned artlessness to an art.
Overflowing mixed planting / Paths and weathered materials / Designed color bands / Planned artlessness
373
トピアリー / Roman era– / 17th century peak / Technique / Garden Styles
Plant sculpture made by clipping evergreens into geometry and animals. Because decades of growth belong to the design, no sculptural technique is slower.
Clipped geometry / Beasts and emblems / Evergreen density / Decades as working time
374
迷路園 / 16th century– / Layout / Garden Styles
A quarter of a garden where hedge walls are woven into passages and getting lost is itself the designed amusement. The whole figure shows only from above, while anyone standing inside sees walls and forks.
Hedges above head height on both sides, cutting the line of sight at the next turn / Paths and walls readable as a single figure once seen from above / A dead end planted at each fork, with the path width never changing / A clearing or small structure set at the centre as the goal
375
自然主義プランティング / 1990s– / Style / Garden Styles
Planting design modeled on perennial meadow ecologies, led by Piet Oudolf: beauty extended to the dead seed heads of winter, a year-round idea rewriting urban public space from the High Line outward.
Perennial and grass communities / The beauty of dieback / Drifts of planting / Ecology as the model
376
盆栽 / Heian period– / Style / Garden Styles
Japanese living sculpture that condenses the scenery of an ancient tree into a pot. A stylistic vocabulary of trunk line, branch pads and root spread, together with care handed down over generations, makes time itself the work.
Miniature scenery in a pot / Trunk line and branch pads / Root spread and patina / Care across generations
377
生け花 / 15th century– / Style / Garden Styles
Japan's art of the flower: space composed from plant line and emptiness. From Ikenobō's rikka to free styles, the craft of letting flowers live remains a textbook of asymmetry and negative space.
Composition by line / Asymmetric balance / Designed emptiness / Season and decay accepted
378
パルテール（刺繍花壇） / 17th century– / Layout / Garden Styles
A flat bed in which clipped box embroiders arabesques into the ground. It was designed to be looked down on from the floors above, turning the ground into ornament and gardening into graphic design.
Box arabesques / Gravel and turf as ground colors / Made for the view from above / Symmetrical development
379
ブルレ・マルクスの景観 / 1930s–1994 / Style / Garden Styles
The inventor of modernist landscape, massing Brazilian tropical plants in color fields like abstract painting. As the Copacabana wave pavement shows, he designed the ground as one graphic.
Planting as color fields / Organic curves in plan / The tropical palette / Paving as graphic
380
ネウマ譜 / 9th century– / Style / Notation Systems
The West's oldest musical writing: melodic inflection recorded in curves like the motion of a hand. The gesture of melody before pitch was fixed to lines, still alive in the manuscripts of Gregorian chant.
Curves as melodic gesture / Four-line staves and square notes / Manuscript red and black / Signs floating above the words
381
五線譜 / 11th century– / Style / Notation Systems
Notation that fixes pitch to a coordinate, running from Guido's invention of the line to the five-line staff. Time reads left to right and pitch up and down, a flat design still in use after a thousand years and the longest-lived format in information design.
The five-line coordinate system / Time running left to right / Clefs and key signatures / Bars dividing time
382
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図形楽譜 / 1950s– / Style / Notation Systems
The scores Cage and Cardew drew when they abandoned the staff: shapes, lines, map-like pages. Opening performance to interpretation rather than instruction, the score itself became visual art.
The staff abandoned / Instruction by shape and line / Pages open to interpretation / The score as artwork
383
タブラチュア / 15th century– / Style / Notation Systems
Notation from the player's point of view: not what pitch, but where the fingers go. From lute letter-tablature to guitar TAB, the lineage of practical writing that encodes bodily action directly.
The string-and-fret grid / Letters and numbers for finger positions / Instrument-specific formats / Action encoded directly
384
シェイプノート / 1801– / Style / Notation Systems
The American hymnody notation that reshaped note heads into triangles, squares and diamonds for fast sight-reading. The Sacred Harp tunebooks and singings made notation design a community tool.
Differently shaped note heads / Fa-sol-la solmization / Four-part tunebook typesetting / Singing in a hollow square
IndexStyle is not a list of every term used around design. An independent entry must describe a visual language that can be recognised, reproduced and distinguished from its neighbours. Editorial standard