{"id":"xerox-star-interface","no":532,"name":"Xerox Star Interface","ja":"ゼロックス・スター・インターフェース","era":"1981–1990s","family":"プラットフォームの画面言語","kind":"スタイル","collection":"Dictionary expansion 26","addedAt":"2026-08-19","source":{"title":"Computer History Museum — The Xerox Star Runs One More Time","url":"https://computerhistory.org/events/xerox-star-runs-one-more/"},"reference":{"status":"verified","pageUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/events/xerox-star-runs-one-more/","credit":"Computer History Museum — The Xerox Star Runs One More Time","gallery":[{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Desktop%20icons%20for%20Xerox%20Star%208010.jpg?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Desktop%20icons%20for%20Xerox%20Star%208010.jpg","credit":"Xerox 8010 Star（ViewPoint）のデスクトップと図像 — Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0"},{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Xerox%20Star%208010%20ViewPoint.jpg?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xerox%20Star%208010%20ViewPoint.jpg","credit":"Xerox 8010 Star（ViewPoint）の多言語文書の窓 — Wikimedia Commons / CC0"},{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Xerox%20Star%20ViewPoint.png?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xerox%20Star%20ViewPoint.png","credit":"Xerox 8010 Star（ViewPoint）の複合文書の画面 — Wikimedia Commons / CC0"}]},"essence":"1981年のXerox 8010の画面が定めた設計言語。フォルダ、イン/アウトのバスケット、ファイルの引き出しといった事務用品を名札付きの図像として並べ、当時のブローシャーはそれを電子の机上と呼んだ。画面の物はマウスで自由に動かし、複製し、捨てられる。","cues":["画面上の図像には必ず名札の文字が付き、図だけに意味を負わせない","図像はフォルダやイン/アウトのバスケットやファイルの引き出しなど、事務机の上にある物を写している","物はマウスで掴んで動かせ、移動と複製と削除が同じ操作の系列になっている","表計算は行と列の格子として現れ、格子を操作する命令がメニューにまとまる"],"intents":["技術","信頼","未来"],"works":["業務ソフトの画面で、抽象的な機能名ではなく物の見立てで機能を並べたいとき","アイコンだけに頼らず名札を必ず添えるという指針を、チームの設計規約として決めるとき"],"recipe":{"type":"図像の下に短い名詞のラベルを必ず置く。ラベルは機能名ではなく、机の上の物の名前にする。","layout":"画面を机の面に見立て、物をその面の上に置く。命令はメニューに集め、物そのものには埋め込まない。","material":"白黒の二値で組み、図像は輪郭線で描く。塗りは黒ベタか白抜きの二択にして、中間の階調を使わない。"},"avoid":"机の見立てを広げすぎて、机上に無い機能まで物に置き換えると、名前の付かない図像が増えて探せなくなる。","colors":["#FFFFFF","#000000","#9A9A9A"],"motif":"graphic","pair":["apple-desktop-interface","one-bit-icon"],"study":["1981年のXerox 8010のブローシャーが図像をどう説明していたか","デスクトップという言葉がいつから画面の呼び名になったか","デビッド・リドルが率いたStarの開発体制と、1998年にコンピュータ歴史博物館で行われた実機の再稼働"],"en":{"essence":"The screen language set by the Xerox 8010 of 1981. Labelled iconographic symbols stood for folders, in and out baskets, file drawers and other office accessories, which the brochure of that year said amounted to an electronic desk top. Objects on the screen could be moved, copied and deleted with the hand held pointer that the same brochure still had to gloss as a mouse.","cues":["Every symbol on screen carries a text label, so meaning never rests on the picture alone","The symbols stand for things found on an office desk: folders, in and out baskets, file drawers","Objects are grabbed with the pointer, and moving, copying and deleting form one family of gestures","The spreadsheet appears as a grid of rows and columns, with a menu of tools that act on the matrix"],"works":["Laying out a business application around objects a user already handles rather than around abstract function names","Writing a team rule that every icon must carry a label instead of standing on its own"],"recipe":{"type":"Put a short noun label under every symbol. The label names a thing on a desk, not a function.","layout":"Treat the screen as the surface of a desk and place objects on it. Keep commands in menus rather than embedding them in the objects.","material":"Work in two tones only and draw the symbols as outlines. Fill is either solid black or left white, with no intermediate greys."},"avoid":"Stretching the desk metaphor to cover functions that have no desk equivalent breeds symbols nobody can name or find.","study":["how the 1981 Xerox 8010 brochure explained its iconography","when desktop became the word for the screen itself","the Star development organisation led by David Liddle, and the 1998 restart of a working machine at the Computer History Museum"]}}