{"id":"spirit-photography","no":356,"name":"Spirit Photography","ja":"心霊写真","era":"1862–1930s","family":"写真ジャンル","kind":"スタイル","collection":"Dictionary expansion 19","addedAt":"2026-08-18","source":{"title":"The Public Domain Review — The Spirit Photographs of William Hope","url":"https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/the-spirit-photographs-of-william-hope/"},"reference":{"status":"verified","pageUrl":"https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/the-spirit-photographs-of-william-hope/","credit":"The Public Domain Review — The Spirit Photographs of William Hope","gallery":[{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mumler%20(Lincoln).jpg?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mumler%20(Lincoln).jpg","credit":"マムラー メアリー・トッド・リンカーンと「霊」1872頃 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain"},{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CoupleWithSpirit%20cropped.png?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CoupleWithSpirit%20cropped.png","credit":"ウィリアム・ホープの心霊写真 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain"},{"imageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mary%20Marshall%20ectoplasm.png?width=640","pageUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mary%20Marshall%20ectoplasm.png","credit":"霊媒メアリー・マーシャルの交霊会写真 1939 — Wikimedia Commons / Public domain"}]},"essence":"二重露光の「霊」を写し込んだ19世紀の心霊写真術。マムラーのリンカーン未亡人像から交霊会ブームまで、写真の証拠性への信仰そのものを利用した、メディア詐術と欲望の様式。","cues":["半透明の重ね像","遺族の肖像との合成","交霊会の記録形式","証拠性の演出"],"intents":["懐かしさ","反骨","静けさ"],"works":["怪談やホラー作品の宣伝で、記録写真の体裁を借りるとき","メディアの信頼性を主題にした展示や教材の図版"],"recipe":{"type":"手書きの日付と証言めいた短文を添え、印刷物の体裁に寄せる","layout":"生者を正面の肖像に据え、霊はその背後に半分だけ重ねる","material":"二重露光で濃度を落とし、輪郭をぼかして境目を消す"},"avoid":"霊をくっきり写して作品として仕上げてしまい、信じたい人の目には偶然に見えるという成立条件を壊す。","colors":["#f3eee6","#9a7f56","#1e1b16"],"motif":"photo","pair":["tableau-photography","analog-horror"],"study":["マムラー裁判 1869","クルー・サークル","写真の証拠性の歴史"],"en":{"essence":"The 19th-century trade in ghosts produced by double exposure. From Mumler's portrait of Lincoln's widow to the séance boom, it fed on the very belief that a photograph proves something, a style built from media deception and desire.","cues":["Translucent superimposed figures","Composites with mourning portraits","The séance-record format","Staged evidentiality"],"works":["Horror and ghost story promotion that borrows the look of a genuine record","Exhibits and teaching material about how much a photograph proves"],"recipe":{"type":"Add a handwritten date and a testimony like line in printed form","layout":"A frontal portrait of the living with the figure half over the shoulder","material":"Double expose at low density and blur the edge until it vanishes"},"avoid":"The ghost gets rendered sharp and finished as artwork, which destroys the one condition the style needs, that a believer could read it as accident.","study":["the Mumler trial of 1869","the Crewe Circle","the history of photographic evidence"]},"links":{"page":"https://indexstyle.org/styles/spirit-photography","json":"https://indexstyle.org/api/styles/spirit-photography","designSpec":"https://indexstyle.org/styles/spirit-photography/design.md","imagePrompt":"https://indexstyle.org/styles/spirit-photography/prompt.txt"},"usage":{"license":"CC-BY-4.0","licenseName":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"IndexStyle — https://indexstyle.org","attributionUrl":"https://indexstyle.org","scope":"Original IndexStyle text and structured data. Reference images, quoted works, and third-party material are excluded and retain their own rights."}}